Valeriana, Grass of the cats; al.: Echter Baldrian, Katzenwurze; ingl.: Valerian.
Underground organs (rizoma, roots, estolones)
Collective species whose type is diploide. This perennial herbaceous plant is characterized by its terminal cimosas inflorescencias with white or pink, pentámeras flowers, epiginas. The androceo is reduced to three estambres, the gineceo to tricarpelar is to unilocular by reduction. The fruit is aquenio with a plumoso vilano.
Origin
The species officinalis is common in all Europe (with the exception of the Mediterranean zone) mainly in the humid meadows, the precipices, the margins of the rivers, the weeds of valleys. The drug that is used comes mainly from the cultures of France, Germany and East Europe.
Chemical composition
Numerous components are isolated of the drug [ 125 ]: glúcidos, fatty acids, acid fenoles, acids of short chain, 126 alkaloids [ ], amino acids, GABA, flavonoides, essential oil with carbides monkey and sesquiterpénicos, rich in esters of borneol [ to see Urban, 1987 ].
The compounds implied in the activity are sesquiterpenos and iridoides: the valepotriatos.
• Sesquiterpenos. Some are neutral: ketones (valeranona, faurinona), alcohol (E-valerianol), esters (ester and and Z of valerianol), aldehydes (valerenal), others are acid (acid valerénico valerénico, hidroxi, etc) [ 127 ].
• Valepotriatos. Triésteres of ciclopenta[c]piránicos, monoénicos alcohol 3(4) or diénicos 3(4), 5(6), is in general 8.10 - epoxidados and they are different among them by the nature of the acids that esterifican the functions secondary alcohol (in 1 and 7) and primary (in 11) as they demonstrate 128 clearly to the spectral techniques [ to it ]. The content in valepotriatos is from 0.5 to 1 % and the majority compound is the valtrato (1ß, 7ß-diisovaleroxi 11-acetoxi), goes accompanied of dihidrovaltrato, acevaltrato, IVHD-valtrato...
All these components are little stable, specially in the middle acid in which the dienos lead, among others, to the baldrinal [ 129 ].
Farmacológicos data
The valeriana has studied much, as much by its activity "tranquilizer" like by the activity at cellular level of certain components.
Activity on the S.N.C.
The valepotriatos and the homobaldrinal diminish the spontaneous motilidad in the 130 mouse [ ]. In the rat, the valepotriatos to per induce modifications to you of the E.E.G. similar to caused by the imipramina [ 131 ], diminishing the anxiety and the aggressiveness. On the other hand the valerénico acid affects to the behavior of the mouse of a nonspecific way [ 132 ], this acid and their derivatives inhibit the 133 GABAsa [ ]. For other authors the behavior of the mouse does not modify by the oral administration of the valepotriatos [ Bountnanh, 1985 ].
Espasmolítica activity
The valeriana extract is espasmolítico on íleon of rabbit. The mixture of valepotriatos is more active than the papaverina on íleon of Cobaya stimulated by histamina [ 134 ]; valerianona and the dihidrovaltrato relaxes íleon stimulated by K+ and inhibits (to 10-5-10-4 M) the espasmos induced by 135 BaCl2 [ ]: the action is of type musculotropa.
Cytotoxic activity
The valtrato is very toxic on the cells of hepatomas of rat. In alive, the dihidrovaltrato (40 mg/kg, mouse, i.p.) it causes a regression, that is to say, in a 54% of the cases, a remission of the ascítico tumor 136 Krebs II [ and ref mentioned ].
Observations in the Man
Some studies related to the mixture of valepotriatos (valtrato 15 %, dihidrovaltrato 80 %, acevaltrato 5 %). Administered to 126 patients with insomnia have been published and neuroses their states improved [ significantly Krueger, 1969, mentioned by Bountnanh, 1985 ].
Several studies made in Germany obtained to excellent results, describing as ansiolítica the observed activity [ ref.Bountnanh ]. The watery extract of the drug reduces of significant form the time of conciliation of the dream [ 137 ]. In addition an improvement of the quality of same [ 138 is observed ].
Use
In spite of the recent data on the absence of the valepotriatos in most of the galénicas preparations and on the fast inactivación of these esters when they are administered by oral route (they are not the only active substances...), the preparations of valeriana continue being recommended in the treatment of the neuro-vegetative upheavals and in those of the dream.
The toxicity is very weak: DL50 of the extract (mouse, i.p.): 360-400 mg/kg; the DL50 to per you of 4.6 triesters is superior to g/kg. The citotoxicidad does not seem observable more than when there is a direct bonding between the valepotriatos and weaves [ Braun and col.., 1982 ]. In certain conditions, the mutagénesis of the 139 iridoides is observed [ ].
In Spain the use of this plant for the treatment of the anguish is authorized, emotividad, nervousness and insomnia.
Precautions
Not to administer to smaller children of three years. It can produce somnolencia.
The drug
The drug, with very characteristic a disagreeable scent, includes/understands rizoma ovoid or cylindrical (50 xs 30 fine, long mm) that disappears sometimes in the middle of numerous cylindrical roots, with a short section. Estolones, with fibrous cut, presents/displays longitudinally fluted knots.
Although the French Farmacopea prescribes the identification (characterization of the iridoides), analysis of the valepotriatos from a clorometilénico extract and a valuation of the essential oil, the identification, also can be carried out by means of liquid chromatography of hi-res.
The differentiation of the numerous species of the Valeriana sort can be made by means of the study of the sesquiterpénico content: varieties V. wallichii and V. edulis do not seem to contain acid 140 valerénicos [ ].
Bibliography
[ 125 ] P. J. HOUGHTON.
Biological The activity of valeriane and related plants.
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 22, 121-142, 1988.
[ 126 ] M. M. JANOT, J. GUILHEM, Or CONTZ, V. GEORGESCU and E. CIONGA.
Contribution à l'étude DES alcaloïdes of valériane (Valeriana officinalis) actinidine ET naphtyridyl méthyl-cétone: nouvel alcaloïde.
Ann. pharm Fr., 37, 413-420, 1979.
[ 127 ] R. BOS, H. HENDRIKS, A.P. BRUINS, J. KLOSTERMAN and G. SIPMA.
Isolation and identification of valerenane sesquiterpenoids from Valeriana officinalis.
Phytochemistry, 25, 133-135, 1986.
[ 128 ] B.P. MIKHOVA, N.V. HANDJEVA, S.S. POPOV and LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY PASSOV.
Structural investigation of valepotriates on the basis of 1H-lanthanide-induced shifts.
J. Nat. Prod., 50, 1141-1145, 1987.
[ 129 ] N.L. MAREKOV, S.S. POPOV and N.V. HANDJIEVA.
Chemistry of pharmaceutically important cyclopentane monoterpenes from some Valeriana plants. In: Chemistry and Biotechnology of Natural Biologically Active Products, 2º Int. Conf. Budapest, 1983. Cs. SZANTAY, [130 ] H. WAGNER, K. JURCIC and R. SCHAETTE.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen to über die sedierende Wirkung von Baldrianextrakten und ihren Abbauprodukten.
It plants Med., 38, 358-365, 1980.
[ 131 ] P. AMMELOUNX, And HOLM, W. LANGHANS, H.D. SCHERER and J. BLATTER.
Vergleichende neurophysiologische Untersuchungen mit Valepotriaten und Extrakum Valerianae an Katzen.
Med. Silver, 33, 282-283, 1978.
[ 132 ] H. HENDRICKS, R. BOS, H.J. WOERDENBAG and To S. KOSTER.
Power station nervous depressant activity of valerenic acid in the mouse.
It plants Med., 51, 28-31, 1985; to also see: HENDRICKS ET al., ibid., 42, 62-68, 1981.
[ 133 ] And RIEDEL, R. HÄNSEL ET G. EHRKE.
Hemmung DES &-Aminobuttersäureabbaus durch Valerensäurederivate.
It plants Med., 46, 219-220, 1982.
[ 134 ] H. WAGNER and K. JURCIC.
On the spasmolytic activity of Valeriana extracts.
It plants Med., 37, 84-95, 1979.
[ 135 ] B. HAZEKHOFF, T. M. MALINGRE and D.K.F MEIJER.
Antispasmodic effects of Valeriana compounds: an in alive and in vitro study on the Guinea Pig ileum.
Arch. int. Pharmacodyn., 257, 274-287, 1982.
[ 136 ] R. ANTON, M. HAAG and B. KUBALLA.
Biological and therapeutic activity. Natural The evaluation of substances derived from sources. In: Medical Advances in phytochemistry, D. BARTON ET W.D. OLLIS, éds., London, John Libbey, p. 13-23, 1986.
[ 137 ] P.D. LEATHWOOD and F. CHAUFFARD.
Aqueous extract of valerian you reduce latency to fall asleep in Man.
It plants Med., 51, 144-148, 1985.
[ 138 ] P.D. LEATHWOOD and F. CHAUFFARD.
Quantifying the effects of mild sedatives.
J. Psychiatr. Head of cattle, 17, 115-122, 1983; to also see P.D. LEATHWOOD ET al., Pharmacol. Biochem. and Behav., 17, 65-71, 1982.
[ 139 ] W. VON DER HUDE, M. Scheutwinkel-reich and R. BRAUN.
Bacterial mutagenicity of the tranquilizing constituents of Valerianaceae Roots.
Mutation Head of cattle (169), 23-27, 1986; to also see, on the actvidad of baldrinal: R. BRAUN ET al., Med. Plant, 52, 446-450, 1986
[ 140 ] W.E. FREYTAG.
Bestimmung von Valerensäuren und Valerenal neben Valepotriaten in Valeriana officinalis durch HPLC.
Pharmazeutische Zig., 128, 2869-2871, 1983; to voir aussi: R. HÄNSEL ET al., Pharm. Ind., 47, 531-533, 1985.
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Insomnia
Stress and depression
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