This always green shrub has raised and graft aerial stems. The leaves are small grudges and in their armpits filóclados in oval-lanceloladas form of leaves leave, finished in thorn. The flowers, dioicas, trímeras, are inserted in the superior face of the filóclados ones. The fruit is a red berry.
Origin
Common from the Atlantic to central and southern Europe, but to inferior altitudes to 700 ms, also one is in the southwest of Asia and Africa of the north. One is in the forests, it mounts low, fences, and mainly in calcáreos lands.
Chemical composition
They have been described component trivial: bears, fitosteroles, fatty acids, flavonoides, acid crisofánico [ 335 ]. Rizoma also contains benzofuranos: euparona and 336 ruscodibenzofurano [ ], 347 ruscobenzoxepina [ ] and essential oil. Considering its biological properties, the main interest is centered in the saponósidos ones.
•Aceite essential. The content is small (3 mililiter by 50 kg) and the complex composition: it has more than 200 components of which 30 are in proportion superior to 1 % in the essential oil. Also they are present alifáticos hydrocarbons (ej.: heneicosano, pentacosano), geraniato of methyl and numerous 337 nonspecific terpénicas substances [ ].
•Saponósidos. The content is difficult to appreciate. The richest lots present/display a content approximated to 8%. The total hydrolysis of the saponósidos ones provides 2 espirostánicas esteróidicas geninas: the ruscogenina (derived hidroxilado in 1ß from the diosgenina) and the neoruscogenina, that difference of the previous one to be replaced methyl 25 by a methylene exo, the configurations of the other asymmetric centers is identical. The heterosídica union settles down On guard by means of hidroxilo 3. The main prosapogenina is [ a-L-ramnopiranosil (1? 2)-a-L-arabinopiranosil ] -1- Or - neorruscogenina [ 338].
Farmacológicos data
The diurética reputation of rusco could not have been confirmed experimentally: tests made administering to an extract to dogs and more recent others in those than are administered saponósidos to the rat, demonstrate to a slight nitroúrica activity and a diminution of the urinary volume.
Venotónica activity
The extract of rusco (0,4-0,6 mg/ml) exerts a constrictor effect on a fragment of isolated safena vein. The pinzamiento of the femoral vein of the dog demonstrates that this extract is against to the distension of the venous network after an overload. The saponósidos ones, administering to per you, exert a vasoconstrictor effect at cutaneous level. The mechanism is a a-adrenérgica action (inhibited by the fentolamina) that exerts on the receivers to post-sinápticos (it persists after simpatectomia chemical) [ 339.340 ]; the action is employee of the temperature [ 339.341 ].
Antiinflammatory activity. The extract of rusco (i.p., rat, 100-300 mg/kg) diminishes of important and lasting form edema caused by kaolin injection in the plantar cavity. The effects of the extract (278 mg/kg, rectal route) are more intense than those of fenibultazona (rectal route, 180 mg/kg) and sensibly identical to those of this same product by via i.p. (165 mg/kg) [ 342 ]. Also, an activity on the peritonitis in rat is appraised.
Observations in the Man
Numerous studies with the purpose of showing the interest of the prepared ones with rusco in the field of the venous insufficiency have been made. As it wants that they are the reluctance that the concept of venous insufficiency finds, a study to double blind person has demonstrated that the extract flowed of the drug, associated to ascórbico acid and the hesperidina metilchalcona, prescribed during a period of 28 days, significantly improves the functional sintomatología and the pletismográficos values in the venous insufficiency of 343.345 the inferior members [ ]. Other studies indicate to the interest of these preparations in the treatment of the hemorroidal crisis - the effectiveness is revealed superior to the one of the rutósido one, habitually used in this type of sintomatología [ 344 ] -, as well as in the one of the premenstrual syndrome and the venous upheavals originated by the ingestion of oral contraceptives or pregnancy.
Use
The ruscogeninas are used in proctología, mainly in case of hemorroidal anitis (pomadas, supositorios). The extracts of rusco comprise of the composition of alopáticas specialties (capsules, blisters, creams, supositorios). These specialties, in which rusco to other venous protectors is associated, set out in the treatment of the symptoms related to the venolinfática insufficiency: heavy legs, parestesias, cramps, edemas, as well as in the treatment of the functional signs related to the hemorroidal crisis. In fitoterapia, the criomolido total dust, nebulizados and the other forms (aside from the liquid hidroalcohólicos tisanes and them extract) also are used for this indication. The toxicity of the extract is moderate (1.2 lethal dose of g/kg, i.v., in the dog).
In Spain the use of this plant for the venous insufficiency is authorized, sensation of heavy legs, edema, varices and hemorroides.
The drug
The root appears in knotted fragments, articulated, their outer surface of yellowish gray color provided with quite near ring to each other. In a cut, rizoma shows a cortical region with polygonal cells, one endodermis with cells of heavy walls and parénquima ligneous similar to the one of espárrago. The experimental conditions of H.P.L.C. for the valuation of the ruscogeninas in the average complexes have been described (gross extracts and 346 pharmaceutical preparations [ ]).
Bibliography
[ 335 ] M.A. ELSOHLY, J.E. KNAPP, D.J. SLATKIN, P.L. SCHIFF Jr, N.J. DOORENBOS and M.W. QUIMBY
[ 340 ] G. MARCELON, T.J. VERBEUREN, H. LAURESSERGUES and P. VANHOUTTE
Effect of Ruscus aculeatus on isolated canine cutaneous veins
Pharmac. Gene, 14, 103-106, 1983.
[ 341 ] G. RUBANYI, G. MARCELON and P.M. VANHOUTTE
Effect of temperature on the responsiveness of cutaneous veins to the extract of Ruscus aculeatus
Pharmac. Gene, 15, 431-434, 1984.
[ 342 ] L. CHEVILLARD, M. RANSON and B. SENAULT
Activité anti-inflammatoire d'extraits of fragon épineux (Ruscus aculeatus L.)
Méd. Pharmacol. Exp., 12, 109-114, 1965.
[ 343 ] And SENTOU, M.F. Bernard-fernier, j.-p. DEMAREZ, D. LAURENT and J. CAUQUIL
Symptomatologie ET pléthysmographie: perallélisme DES résultats obtenus lors d'un traitement even Cyclo 3' of patientes porteuses d'une insuffisance veineuse chronique (étude in doublY. SENTOU, M.F. Bernard-fernier, j.-p. DEMAREZ, D. LAURENT and J. CAUQUIL
[ 344 ] J.P. BAUJAT, J.P. DEMAREZ, M-f. Bernard-fernier, D. LAURENT and J. CAUQUIL
Thérapeutique anti-he'morroïdaire. Etude comparée of l'activité DES rutosides ET of Cyclo 3 '
Gazette Médicale de France, 91, (29), 111-113, 1984.
[ 345 ] R. CAPPELLI, M. NICORA and T. PERRI
Extract uses of of Ruscus aculeatus in venous disease in the to lower limbs
Drugs Exptl. Clin. Head of cattle, 14, 277-283, 1988.
[ 346 ] W. BERTANI and G.P. FORNI
HPLC determination of ruscogenin and neoruscogenin in raw material ("ruscogenins") and pharmaceutical preparations
Fitoterapia, 55, 101-104, 1984.
[ 347 ] P. DELAVEAU Fragon
Act. Pharm., (252), 33-34, 1988.
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Venous Iinsuficiencia
Varices
Hemorroides
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