Ispágula, plantago of India; German: Indisches Wegerish; ingl.: Indian plantago, bond psyllium.
Seed and tegumento
Plant vivaz of small size, has the straight stems, the leaves with lanceolado limb paralelinervo. The inflorescencias finish in density ears and forms variables, according to the species. The morphology of the chalice and the size of the brácteas are characteristic distinguishing.
Origin
This species is very common in western Asia and in India, it is cultivated in this last country and Pakistan.
Chemical composition
The investigations have been carried out on ispágula mainly. The seed of ispágula is quite rich in proteins, contains among other compounds a 0.06% of alkaloids, aucubósido (a iridoide), esteroles (ß-sitosterol, estigmasterol, campesterol), triterpenos, 187 lipids [ ] and hydrocarbons concentrated in the superficial layers of the external tegumento. The activity is bound to the presence of mucílago.
Mucílago
The content, always important in the tegumento, can reach 30%. The soluble polisacarídica fraction (85% of mucílago gross) is a very graft, acid structure, mainly constituted by D-xylose (63,6%) and L-arabinosa (20,4%) [ 188 ]. The main chain of polymer is a xilano in which the connections are, 1?4, or 1?3, without regularity [ 189 ]. The lateral ramifications are formed or by xylose (connects 1?3), or by arabinosa (connects 1?3), or by aldobiurónico acid (acid a-D-galacturonico (1?2) a-L-ramnosa), connects 1?3 or 1?2. Other works distinguish hidrosolubles fractions in hot cold and hidrosolubles in and proportions of different bears for these two 190 fractions [ ].
Farmacológicos data
Like many polisacáridos rich drugs in, ispágula is a mechanical laxative. Mucílago of ispágula forms voluminous gels with the water that absorbs, and increases to the volume of the content of the intestine, stimulating the intestinal peristaltismo and facilitating the evacuation. The viscosity of the formed gel also influences its activity [ 191 ]. Most of the other data on the biological properties of mucílago of ovata P. comes from studies in the man. The use of ispágula (and more generally of fibers) would be beneficial in case of diverticulosis. Some studies indicate to a hipoglucemiante activity [ 192.193 ] allowing to use the drug as complement of conventional treatments (diabetes nonemployee). Not always the hipocolesterolemiante and hipolipemiante action has been observed, often indicated [ 192.194 ].
Observations in the Man
Several specialties with mucílago of ispágula have been tried, of 196 single tegumento of ispagula [ 195 ] or associated to sen [ ] and a net improvement of the transit and the consistency of lees has been verified. In infantile diarreas regulating effects have been also observed.
Clinical studies show 197 satisfactory results using ispágula [ ] for the symptomatic treatment of the syndrome of null and voidable colon. The association regime + ispágula is more effective than only a nutritional regime for the treatment of the obesity [ 199 ].
Use
Mucílago of plantago ovata is lacking of toxicity and, although the dust of the milling of ispágula is known like respiratory alergeno, the anaphylactic shock by ingestion of the 200 seed is exceptional [ ] are used for the symptomatic treatment of the constipation. Ispágula, zaragatona and seeds of other plants: in form of granulated, dust, capsules. The tegumento of the seed of pure Ispágula (without saccharose) sets out like helping treatment of certain metabolic upheavals: obesity, diabetes, hipercolesterolemia. There are no important medicamentosas interactions, the tolerance is good, the undesirable effects are smaller (meteorismo). The seeds must be used with precaution in bed-ridden patients and are contraindicated in case of occlusive syndrome or abdominal painful syndrome of indetermine cause. Treatment long play in children is not advised.
In Spain the use of this plant like regulator of the intestinal functionalism is authorized. Symptomatic treatment of the chronic constipation.
Precautions
In patients with intestinal occlusion. To distance the ingestion of other medicines to avoid possible interactions with them, that they can cause a diminution of its effect. Not to associate with astringents. If one is people with little appetite, it agrees to distance the treatment of the meals better, and still if it is taken at night. If one is diabetics, the effect will be beneficial but glucemia is due to control.
The drug
The seeds of ispágula are made oval (2x1mm) and clearly aerodynamic, they have a brown line on the convex face, its color is gray-pink clear. The drug does not have to contain strange elements (< 0.5 % for the oficinales species) and it is due to come to the determination of the swelling index (> 10) and loss by drying (> 14%).
Bibliography
[ 187 ] S. JAMAL, And AHMAD, R. AGARWAL, M. AHMAD and S.M. OSMAN
To novel oxo fatty acid in oil ovata Plantago seed
Phytochemistry, 26, 3067-3069, 1987.
[ 188 ] J.F. KENNEDY, J.S. SANDHU and D.A. SOUTHGATE
Structural dates for the carbohydrate of ispaghula husk ex- ovata Plantago Forsk.
Carbohydrate Research, 75, 265-274, 1979.
[ 189 ] J.S. SHANDU, G.J. the HUDSON, and J.F. KENNEDY
The gel nature and strucutre of the carbohydrate of ispaghula husk ex- ovata Plantago Forsk.
Carbohydrate Research, 93, 247-259, 1981.
[ 190 ] P.K. SHARMA and A.K. KOUL
Mucilage in seeds of ovata Plantago and its wild allies
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 17, 289-295, 1986.
[ 191 ] J. RUSSEL, and P. BASS
Effects of laxative and nonlaxative hydrophilic polymers on canine small intestinal motor activity
Dig. Dis. Sc., 31, 281-288, 1986.
[ 192 ] F. CAPANI, To CONSOLI, Of the PONTE, G. LALLI and S. SENSI
To new dietary fibre for uses in diabetes
Medical IRCS Sciense, 8, 661, 1980
[ 193 ]. FAGERBERG
The effects of to bulk laxative (Metamucil ') on fasting blood glucose, serum lipids and to other varables in constipated patients with non-insulin dependent adult diabetes
Endocrinol. act, 100, 22, 1982 (supp.)
[ 194 ] C. KIES
Purified psyllium seed to fiber, human gastrointestinal tract function, and nutritional status of humans
In: Unconventional sources of dietary fibers, A.C.S. Symposium series nº 214, Washington, American Chemical Society, p. 61-70, 1983.
[ 195 ] M. BORGIA, N. SEPE, V. BRNCARO, G. COSTA, P. SIMONE, R. BORGIA, and R. LUGLI
Treatment of chronic constipation by to bulk-forming laxative (Fibrolax ')
J. Int. Med. Head of cattle, 11, 124-127, 1983.
[ 196 ] M. PERS and B. PERS
To crossover comparative study with two bulk laxatives
J. Int. Med. Head of cattle, 11, 51-53, 1983.
[ 197 ] To KUMAR, N. KUMAR, J.C. VIJ, S.K. SARIN and B.S. ANAND
Null and voidable Optimum dosage of ispaghul husk in patients bowel syndrome: correlation of symptom relief with whole gut transit Time and stool weight
Null and voidable Psyllium therapy in the bowel syndrome
Ann. Intern. Med., 95, 53-56, 1981; to voir aussi D.S. GREENBAUM ET al., ibid., p.660.
[ 199 ] G. ENZI, E.M. INELMEN and G. CREPALDI
Effect of to hydrophulic mucilage in the treatment of obese patients
Pharmatherapeutica, 2, 421-428, 1980.
[ 200 ] J.S. SEGGEV, K.OHTA and W.R. TIPTON
GE mediated anaphylaxis due to to psyllium-containing drug
Ann. Allergy, 53, 325-325, 1984; to voir aussi: R. SUHONEN, KANTOLA and F. BJÖRKSTEN, Anaphylactic sxhock due to ingestion of psyllium laxative, Allergy, 38, 363-365, 1983.
[ 201 ] And Andrzejewska-golec and L. SWIATEK
Badania chemotaksonomiczne rodzaju Plantago.I-Analyza frakcji iridoidow
Herba Pol., 30, 9-16, 1984; (summarized in English).
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Overweight
Hiperlipidemia
Colon spasmodic irritable/Colitis
Constipation
Diarreas
Hipertrigliceridemia
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