Eucalyptus; al.: Fieberbaum, Blaugummibaum; ingl.: Tasmanian blue gum, Fever tree.
Leaf (= filodios)
This great tree whose trunk exfolia in laminae, has particular flowers: when they are bellboys, the sépalos form the four edges of a ballot box with four faces whose cover is formed by four concrescentes petals.
Origin
The sort is original of the Australian continent, some species also are born of spontaneous form in New Guinea and some islands of the archipelago indonesio. Numerous species have been introduced in many paises [ 638, 639 ], including Spain.
Chemical composition
Like it stops most of the species of the sort, the main investigations have been directed to the study of the essential oil of its leaves. In addition, it is observed the polifenólicos compound presence, one ß-dicetona antirust of long chain [ 643 ] and aromatic terpenoides: the euglobales.
·Polifenoles. Next to acids fenoles without importance (acid gálico, gentísico, caféico, ferúlico...), several flavonoides have been described: heterósidos of flavonoles (rutósido, quercitrósido, hiperósido) [ 640 ] and esters of flavonas metiladas in the wax to epicuticular.
·Euglobales. Mainly they are in the floral bellboys; these benzotetrahidropiránicos or dihidroxanténicos compounds are from a cicloadición between a dialdéhidica acetogenina of type floroglucinol and a monkey or sesquiterpeno (felandrenos, sabineno, biciclogermacreno) [ 641, 642 ].
·Essential oil. Its content oscillates between the 0.5 and 3,5%. 1,8-cineol (= eucaliptol) is the one that is in greater proportion (70% like minimum), goes accompanied of approximately one hundred of other terpénicos components: monoterpénicos, sesquiterpenos hydrocarbons and alcohol, ketone, esters, 639 hydrocarbons [ and ref mentioned ]. In the rectified essential oil are not alifáticos aldehydes.
Farmacológicos data
Some of the properties recognized for the eucalyptus and its essential oil have been object of numerous investigations: it is the case of his antitusivas, expectorantes and antiseptic properties. Also their hipoglucemiantes properties have been demonstrated experimentally.
Whatever it is his route of administration, the essential oil is eliminated to a large extent by pulmonary route, which justifies its interest in the case of the rinofaríngeas infections and tracto rough-pulmonary.
·Its expectorante activity. Although it is admitted generally that in the man, the essential oil increases to the secretions acting directly on the cells of epitelio bronchial and by means of 644 a mucolítico effect [ ], the experimental animal results provide contradictory results as far as possible morphologic modifications of epitelio bronchial. Cíñelo and the essential oil of eucalyptus (aerosol) behaves like tensioactivos that diminish the superficial tension between the water and the air at alveolar level without causing morphologic changes in epitelio. To small doses, cíñelo increases to the pulmonary capacity [ 645 ].
·Its antiseptic activity. The actions barteiostática and bactericidal have been studied and demonstrated in vitro as opposed to numerous germs (estafilococos, pneumococo, proteus, coliformes) and in front of to fungi and leavenings (Candida). Be as it is the administration route, the essential oil to a large extent is eliminated by pulmonary route, which justifies its interest in case of rinofaríngeas infections and the tree of broncopulmonar.
On the other hand, it is observed that cíñelo presents/displays an inductive activity on hepáticos enzymes of microsomas, accelerating the metabolism of some 646 medicines [ ]. In rat, it has demonstrated to exert a colerética activity.
Observations in the Man
Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the farmacológicos data of the eucalyptus leaf. A study made in the middle hospitable has demonstrated a slight bacteriostática activity in case of urinary infections, specially in case of 647 colibacilosis [ ]. Different conducted volumetric measures in a group from volunteers who present/display a simple one constipated, demonstrate that the essential oil mixture of eucalyptus, mentol and camphor can induce an improvement of 648 respiratory dynamics observed [ ].
Use
The drug is used in form of infusions, capsules, syrups, tablets, etc. In the treatment of the benign bronchitis. Numerous specialties commercialized indicated in the symptomatic treatment of the affections of the respiratory routes contain cineol or essential oil. Also preparations for the administration by external route (pomadas antiseptic) or for the inhalation are used (alcoholic solutions).
To the therapeutic doses (0,06-0,2 mililiter, for a expectorante activity), the essential oil is not toxic. Nevertheless, the ingestion of some milliliters of pure essential oil can as much be mortal in adults as in children (nauseas, vomits, respiratory depression, comma) [ 649 ]. The D.L.50 (rat, to per you) is of 1.68 mg/kg. In the made tests of acute and subacute toxicity with the criomolida drug administered to rat to per you (3.6 g/kg, 300 and 900 mg/kg/día, 5 650 weeks) [ ] has not been observed poisonous effects. Cineol is neurotoxic, a epileptógeno one. In vitro, he is inhibiting of the tissue breathing and 651 the ionic interchanges [ and ref mentioned ].
In Spain the use of this plant for affections of the respiratory apparatus is authorized: nasal throat, nose, sines, bronchi and influenza. Acute affections of the bronchi.
Precautions
Nonrecommendable in the pregnancy nor in the lactancia. Not to even use the essential oil by inhalation in smaller children of two years.
The drug
The eucalyptus leaf has peciolo short and twist, a falciforme, coriáceo and narrow limb, of grayish green color in both faces. The limb has secondary nerviaciones that are united in the margins and shows when observing it trasluz, numerous esquizógenas secretory bags. It can reach 25 cm in length and its width oscillates between 2 and 5 cm. The microscopic examination of the cross-sectional superior cut shows to a weave in biface fence in the limb and a nerviación with liberoleñosos beams (normal one and two invested) provided with perforated weave to perimedular.
The essential oil content is like minimum of 2%. The C.C.F. allows to verify the presence of cineol and the absence of citronelal.
Bibliography
[ 638 ] Them eucalyptus dans them reboisements
Colletion F.A.O.: forêt nº 11, Rome, 1982.
[ 639 ] M.H. BOELENS
Essential oils and aroma chemicals from Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
Perfume, Flavor., 9, (12-01), 1-14, 1985.
[ 640 ] K. BOUKEF, G. BALANSARD, M. LALLEMAND and P. BERNARD
Etude DES hétérosides ET agycones flavoniques isolés DES feui-
lles d´Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
Plant Méd. Phytother., 10, 30-35, 1976.
[ 641 ] T. AMANO, T. KOMIYA. M. HORI, M. GOTO, M. KOZUKA
and T. SAWADA
Isolation and characterization of euglobals from Eucalyptus glo-
bulus Labill. by preparative reserved-phase liquid chromatography
J. Chromatogr., (208), 347-355, 1981.
[ 642 ] M. KOZUKA, T. SAWADA, F. KASAHARA, And MIZUTA, T.
AMANO, T. KOMIYA and M. GOTO
The granulation-inhibiting principles from Eucalyptus globulus
Labill. II. Euglobal The structures of la1, - la2, - lb, - lc, - lla, - llb
and LLC.
Chem. Pharm. Bull, 30, 1952-1963, 1982.
[ 643 ] T. OSAWA and M. NAMIKI
To novel type of antioxidant isolated from leaf wax of Eucalyp-
your leaves
Agric. Biol. Chem., 45, 735-739, 1981.
[ 644 ] R. ANTON
Them médicaments aromatiques, unites thérapeutique to d´avenir?
Act. Pharm., (154), 23-30, 1979.
[ 645 ] K.S. ZÄNKER, W. TOLLE, G. BLÜMEL and J. PROBST
Evaluation of surfactant-like effects commonly used you remedy
for colds
Respiration, 39, 150-157, 1980.
[ 646 ] To JORI, And I GAVE FISHING SALLE and R.
On the inducing activity of eucalyptol
J. Pharm. Pharmac., 24, 464-469, 1972; to also see JORI ET al.,
Eur. J. Pharmacol., 9, 362-366, 1970.
[ 647 ] R. MALHURET, P. BASTIDE and B. JOLY
Essai d´utilisation d´huiles essentielles in milieu to hospitalier.
Phytotherapy, (11), 17-27, 1984.
[ 648 ] B.M. COHEN and DRESSLER
Acute aromatics inhalation modifies the airways. Effects of the
common cold
Respiration, 43, 285-293, 1982.
[ 649 ] S. PATEL and J. WIGGINS
Oil Eucalyptus poisoning
Arch. Dis. Child., 55, 405-406, 1980.
[ 650 ] Eucalyptus, toxicológico dossier of Arkopharma Laboratories.
[ 651 ] M.D. STEINMETZ, ROAD M. and And MILLET
Actions of l´huile esentielle of romarim ET of certains of ses
constituants (eucalyptol camphre) South him cortex cérébralde
Rat in vitro
J. Toxicol. Clin. Exp., 7, 259-271, 1987.
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Diabetes noninsulino employee
Rinitis
Bronchitis
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