ARTICHOKE (CYNARA SCOLYMUS L.)

	A
	ARTICHOKE
	*CYNARA SCOLYMUS L.*

Name
ARTICHOKE

Scientific Name
CYNARA SCOLYMUS L.

ARTICHOKE

Common artichoke; German: Artischoke; English: globe artichoke

Leaf

Plant vivaz with nonthorny great leaves, divided in lobulados segments: those of the almost whole base they are pennatipartidas and those of the superior part. The flowers, tubulosas, go located on a fleshy receiver surrounded by fleshy brácteas in the base, not finished in end.

Origin

Stranger in spontaneous state, the artichoke is the resulting fruit of the selection and of the evolution of the thistle, C.s cardunculus L. Other species, interfertile with the thistle are also ancestral forms of C. scolymus (syriaca ej. C. Boiss.) [ 141 ].

Chemical composition

A twenty of components is had isolated: triterpenos and esteroles, guayanólidos (cinaropicrina and similar, variable derivatives according to the geographic origin), flavonoides (derived glucosilados and ramnoglucósidos from luteolol [ 142.143 ]. The active components are the acid the acid alcohol and esters fenoles.

Acid alcohol

The leaf concentrates succínico, lactic, fumárico, glicérico, citric, glicólico málico acid (800 mg/100 g of dry drug) and acids. Also [ 144 contains a-hidroximetilacrílico acid in free form ].

Polifenoles

Next to caféico acid (acid (E)-3,4-dihidroxicina'mico) are their esters: cinarina 1.3 to diéster of caféico acid and 145 quínico acid [ ], clorogénico, monocafeato acid in 3 of quínico acid, acid neoclorogénico. The phenolic compounds - whose content varies according to the variety, the type of leaves and the period of 146 the vegetative cycle [ ] - are concentrated in the limb of the 0.52 the 7.2 as opposed to leaf that contains g/kg g/kg in peciolo.

Farmacológicos data

The properties attributed traditionally to the leaf are pronounced at hepático level.

Coleréticos effects

The cinarina administered to the rat by means of a sounding, shows, in comparison with the effects caused by dose equimoleculares of dehidrocolato of sodium, a very clear activity as much on the biliary flow as on the biliary excreción of the cholesterol [ 147 ]. The clorogénico acid produces 149 effects such [ ]. Other experiments made in rat to which a hipocoleresis or a hipercoleresis was caused to him, demonstrate that the anfocolerética activity of the drug must to the mixture of the acid 144.148 alcohol [ ]. Also the hipocolesterolemiante activity of different administered extracts has been observed in the rat [ 149 ]. Like the hepatoprotectora activity of the extract has been stated, of the alcohol mixture acid and of a-hidroximetilacrílico acid, with respect to the toxicity of the 144.148 ethanol [ ], the cinarina also is revealed effective in the isolated hepatocitos of rat, as opposed to the CCl4. an old study, confirmed by 148 Mortier [ ], it has shown the increase of the diuresis obtained with a watery extract of the drug.

Observations in the man

In the man, the cinarina exerts one recognized colerética action, simultaneously that acts on the fecal elimination of biliary acids. In a test as opposed to placebo, the cinarina causes a reduction of colesterolemia and 151 lipoproteins [ ]. Although numerous authors have shown their hipocolesterolemiante effect - from 3.6 to 22%, for daily doses that can oscillate between 60 mg and 1.5 g [ 151, 15à, b ] -, this effect has not been able to demonstrate in patients with hiperlipoproteinemia of type 153 IIa and b [ ]. In some cases, the important reduction (41%) of colesterolemia [ Hammwerl and al., 1973 ] could be due, to a certain extent, to the regime 154 associate [ ]. The diminution stated in the level of triglicéridos locates generally around 20% [ 154 ].

Use

The artichoke, widely used for many centuries, has been continuing being a colerética drug very investigated. Apparently lacking of toxicity (DL50 of the butanólico extract: 0,8 g/kg, rat, i.p.; DL50 of an extract to 46% of clorogénico acid: 2 g/kg, rat, to per you), the drug and prepared his (extracts, dyes, dyes mother, capsules, infusions - very bitter -, suspension of the fresh plant...) constitute a fundamental element in the fitoterapia. It is due to its property "to favor the digestive functions of renal elimination and". They are indicated in the symptomatic treatment of the dispépticos digestive upheavals: epigástrica swelling, nauseas, aerophagia, flatulencias. In Spain the use of this plant for the hepatobiliares upheavals is authorized, hiperlipidemia and hipercolesterolemia. Constipation. Edemas. Desintoxicante.

Precautions

It is contraindicated in periods of lactancia. In case of biliary calculations, not to prolong the treatment much.

The drug

The artichoke leaf reaches the 50 cm of height. The superior face of the limb is gray greenish, the inferior white, cover of pelillos and crossed by noticeable nerviaciones. Observed the microscope, it presents/displays three types of tectores hairs. Most numerous they have a short foot and a terminal cell that the form of a long and winding fiber has. The chromatography in fine layer, practiced with alcoholic macerating, reveals the clorogénico acid presence and its esters, as well as 7-glucosil luteolol. All these compounds can be valued by means of liquid chromatography of hi-res [ 155 ].

Bibliography

[ 141 ] C. FOURY

Quelques aspects of l´histoire DES variétés d´artichaut Cynara scolymus L.

J. Agric. Trad. Bot. Appl., 25, 25-50, 1978. To also see: D. ZOHARY and J. BASNIZKY, The cultivated artichoke

Cynara scolymus, probable Its wild ancestors, Econ. Bot., 29, 223-235, 1975.

[ 142 ] And BOMBARDELLI, B. GABETTA and E.M. MARTINELLI

Gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric

investigation on Cynara scolymus L.Fitoterapia, 48, 143-152, 1977.

[ 143 ] S.I. EL-NEGOUMY, N.H. EL-SAYED and N.A.M. SALEH

Flavonoid glycosides of Cynara scolymus.

Fitoterapia, 58, 178-180, 1987.

[ 144 ] J.P. BOGAERT

Contribution à l´étude of l´acide hydroxetméthylacrylique ET of divers autres acides organiques associés dans l´artichaut.

Thèse de Doctorat in Pharmacie, Paris, 1973.

[ 145 ] I. HORMAN, R. BADOUD and W. AMMANN

Two-dimentional Food related application of one- and high-resolution nuclear proton magnetic resonance: structure and conformation of cynarine.

J. Agric. Food. Chem., 32, 538-540, 1984.

[ 146 ] V. LATTANZIO and I. MORONE

Variations of the orthodiphenol content of Cynara scolymus L. during the plant growing seasons.

Experientia, 35, 993-994, 1979.

[ 147 ] P. PREZIOSI and P. LOSCALZO

Pharmacological properties of 1-4 dicafeylquinic acid, the activates principle of Cynara scolymus L.

Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn., 117, 63-80, 1958.

[ 148 ] F. MORTIER

Of l´intérêt thérapeutique of certains acides organiques aliphatiques constituants of diverses drogues à reputation hépatorénale ET in particulier Cynara scolymus L.

Thèse de Doctorat in Pharmacie, Nancy, 1972.

[ 149 ] To LIETTI

Choleretic and cholesterol lowering properties of two artichoke extracts.

Fitoterapia, 48, 153-158, 1977.

[ 150 ] T. ADZET, J. CAMARASA and J.C. LAGOON

Hepatoprotective activity of polyphenolic compounds from Cynara scolymus against CCI4 toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. J. Nat. Prod., 50, 612-617, 1987.

[ 151 ] M. MONTINI, P. LEVONI, To ONGARO and G. PAGANI

Kontrollierte Anwendung von Cynarin in der Behandlung to hyperlipämischer Syndrome.

Arzneim. - Forsch., 25, 5637-5640, 1979.

[ 152 ] (a) G. ADAM and R. KLUTHE

Cholesterinsenkender Effekt von Cynarin.

Therapiewoche, 29, 5637-5640, 1979.

(b) H. PRISTAUTZ

Cynarin in der modernen Hyperlipidämielbehandlung.

Wien. med. Wschr., 125, 705-709, 1975.

[ 153 ] H. HECKERS, K. DITTMAR, F.W. SCHMAHL and K. HUTH

Inefficiency of cynarin ace therapeutic regime in familial type II hyperlipoproteinaemia.

Atherosclerosis, 26, 249-253, 1977.

[ 154 ] W. SCHEFFLER and W. SCHWARTZKOPFF

Frequently used lipid-lowering drugs having not guaranted effects.

Artery, 8, 120-127, 1980.

[ 155 ] T. ADZET and M. PUIGMACIA

High-performance liquid chromatography of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives of Cynara scolymus L. leaves. J. Chromatogr., (348), 447-453, 1985.

Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted

Hiperlipidemia

Migraña

Disquinesias biliary

Viral hepatitis

Alcoholic cirrhosis

Hepática insufficiency

Biliary Litiasis

Hipercolesterolemia

Hipertrigliceridemia

Productos

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