Name


Scientific Name

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Other names:

Castilian: Holly, agrifolio, teasel, hill, caedón, European Holly, the English Holly, the Holly of Oregon, the Sparked Holly, the Holly of Christmas,

Holly of the Crocodile, Punctures the Holly, the Holly, the Common Holly, the Green Holly.

French: Houx, Houx Epineux, Housson, the Great, Frank Pardon of Bois, Greou, Agrifous, Agriou, Grifeuil,

Agabousse, Alquiroux.

English: Holly, holm, hulm, to hulver, bush, holytree, Crist's thorn

Italy: Aquifolio Comune, Alloro Spinoso, Leccio Spinoso.

Dutch: Hulst

German: Stechpalme, Hülsdorn, Cristdorn, Hulst, Hülse.

Main Risks: To poison by aquifolium of ilex is due to the ingestion of berries, that can induce the gastrointestinales symptoms.

Summary of clinical effects: The ingestion of berries can cause nausea, I vomit, the abdominal pain and diarrea. Dream and

somnolencia has been seen in children after ingestion of great amounts of berries. Although the mortal cases

they have inquired single in Literature old are no recent information of severe envenenamientos. The ingestion of

berries of aquifolium of Ilex are associated to a large extent with gastrointestinales symptoms. The damage to the eyes can happen due to the thorny leaves.

First aid: Emesis or gastric washing can be indicated in the recent ingestion of more than 5-10 berries in a boy. Hospitalization is indicated if the amounts have been great.

Toxic Parts: All the parts of the plant contain the active principles (Aliharidis, 1987).

The gastrointestinales symptoms appear within hours after the ingestion of berries and can last for 24 H. The severe symptoms can be observed after ingestion of many berries.

The death has inquired in the oldest Literature (Lewin, 1929), but has not been confirmed by more recent information.

Main Toxins: Aquifolium de Ilex contains several toxins: saponin, the enclosures of phenolic, terpenoides, sterols,

alkaloids, anthocyanines (Thomas, 1980, Alikaridis 1987).

Description of the plant: Aquifolium de Ilex is a tree of perennial leaf 1-20 high meters. The leaves: green dark, they shine, has thorns, very hard, the flowers are small, white, rosaceous, fragant; it located in the base of the leaves (of April to July). The fruit: Each berry is 8 red berries of diameter of mm contains 4 seeds (of August to October December).

Habitat: Aquifolium de Ilex grows in forests, the parks, the gardens and in areas of plains and mountain. The plant is native of Europe. It is also cultivated like a decorative tree in the North America and Africa of the north.

Toxic Parts: The leaves, the crust, the berries contain the active principles; no information available in roots.

The toxin (toxins): Several active principles have been identified: The derivatives of Phenolic: the acid of vanillic, P-hydroxybenzoic

(fruit); Anthocyanines acid: cyanidin-3-xylosylglucoside (fruit); pelargonidin-3-glucoside; Flavonoids: quercetin-3-rutinoside (leaves)

Terpenoids: alpha-amyrin (crust, the leaves, the fruit); the acid of ursolic (the leaves, the fruit); the acid

(leaves) of oleanolic; lactone (fruit) of ilex; Sterols: ergosterol (leaves); beta-sitosterol (fruit); The alkaloids: theobromine

The fatty acids: the acid (leaves) of pentadecanoic; the acid (leaves) of palmitic; the acid (leaves) of stearic;

the acid (leaves) of arachidic; the acid (leaves) of oleic; the acid (leaves) of linolenic; Alkanes: (the leaves, the fruit) Cyanogenic glucosides:

Uses: In the popular medicine, aquifolium of Ilex (infusion or decoction of dry leaves) is used traditionally

for intermittent fever and reumatismo; for its antipiréticas properties; astringent, the effects of

diurético and expectorante (Alikaridis, 1987). Aquifolium de Ilex also is used occasionally in homeopático

The plant is native to Europe but it is also cultivated in the North America and Africa of the north.

TOXICOLOGIA/TOXINOLOGY/la FARMACOLOGIA

Mechanism of action

The exact way of the action is not known. The gastrointestinales symptoms can be due to the saponina. Nevertheless, no specific toxin responsible for the symptoms has been identified.

REFERENCES

Toxicological Clinical and

Botanical

Alikaridis F (1987). Natural constituents of ilex species. J

Ethnopharmacol 20: 121-144.

Sand JM (1979). Plow holly berries toxic? (to letter). J A.m. Med

Assoc 242: 2341.

Balansard J & Flandrin P (1951). Heterosides of the leaves of

the holly tree (Ilex aquifolium). Chem Abst 45: 7307.

Bat-Smith EC (1962). The phenolic constituents of plants of

to their taxonomic significance I. Dicotyledons. J Linnean Soc

(Botany) 58: 95-173.

Bohnic P (1959). Contribution to the knowledge of the

chemistry of holly (Ilex aquifolium). Farm Vestn (L. Jubljana)

10: 57-58.

Bohnic P (1967). Determination of theobromine in Ilex

aquifolium. Farmacevtski Vestnik 18: 9-20.

Budzikiewicz H, Thomas H (1980). p-cumaroxy-ursolsaure, ein

to neuer inhaltstoff von Ilex aquifolium. L Z Naturforsch 35b:

230-231.

Catalano S, Marsili To, Morell I, Pistelli L, Scartoni V.

Constituents of the leaves of Ilex aquifolium. Medica Plants

33: 416-417.

Crombie WM (1958). Fatty acids in chloroplasts and leaves. J

Experim Botany 2: 254-261.

Chrelashivili MN, Mgaloblishvili MP (1974). Reactions of the

carbohydrates in leaves of different ages in evergreen plants

during fall and to winter. Turdy Instituta Bot Academiia Nauk

Gruzinskoi SSR 27: 247-259.

Fischer R, Linse E (1930). Microchemical detection of abrutin

and ursone in plants. Arch Pharmazie 268: 185-190.

Fritzsch S (1983). Them baies toxiques. Thèse de Médecine N° 303

Strasbourg, France.

Garnier R. Ressources médicinales of flore française.

Editeurs Vigot Frères.

Gessner Or (1974). Gift und Arzneipflanzen von Mitteleuropa. é

Edition, Heidelberg, Carl Winter, Universitätsverlag.

Ishikura N (1971). Paper chromatographic analysis of

anthocyanins in the network epicarp of Ilex aquifolium. Botanical

Magazine, Tokyo 24: 113-117.

Jungfleisch, Leroux (1908). Identity of Ilicic alcohol with

alpha amyrin. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires DES séances of

l'Académie DES Sciences 147: 862-864.

Knapp R, Liskens HF (1954). Amino acids from leaf straw of

plant species of forests with different soils.

Naturwissenschafte 41: 480-481.

Lechevalier (1947). "Le livre DES you plant médicinales ET

vénéneuses of France. Encyclopédie Biologique, Paris.

Mitchell J, Rook A (1979). Botanical dermatology. Greengrass,

Vancouver.

Nooyen A.M. (1920). Urson and its distribution in the plant

world. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad 57: 1128-1142.

Personne MJ (1884). The south nouvel alcool I retired of glu du

houx. Compte rendus hebdomadaires DES séances of l'académie DES

sciences 98: 1585-1587.

Poisindex

Rodriguez TD, Johnson PN, Jeffrey LP (1984). Holly berry

ingestion: report marries. Vet Hum Toxicol 26: 157-158.

Santamour FS (1973). Anthocyanins of holly fruits.

Phytochemistry 12: 611-615.

Schindler H, Herb M (1955). Chemistry of Ilex aquifolium.

Isolation of ursolic acid and rutin from the leaves. Arch

Pharmazie 288: 372-377.

Thomas H, Budzikiewicz H (1980). Ilex lactone, ein

they bisnormonoterpen to neuartiger strukture aus Ilex aquifolium.

Phytochemistry 19: 1866-1868.

Thomas H, Budzikiewicz H (1980). Inhaltstoffe der Fruchte von

Ilex aquifolium. L Z Pflanzenphysio 99: 271-276.

Valadon LRG, Sellens A.M., Mummery RS (1975). Carotenoids of

various berries. Ann Botany 39: 785-790.

Vermont J (1977). Toxicologie DES you plant à baies ou à fruits

bacciformes. Thèse Lyon.

Waud RA (1932). To digitalis-like action of extracts made from

holly. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 45: 27.

Waud RA (1932). Further studies on extracts made from holly.

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 30: 393-398.

Willems M (1988). Quantitative determination in Ilex

aquifolium. Medica 55 Plants: 195.

14, AUTHOR(S), REVIEWER(S), YOU DATE, COMPLETES ADDRESSES

Author: Professeur To Jaeger, Doctor F. Flesch

De Strasbourg centers Anti-Poisons

Hospices Civils - BP. 426

67091 Strasbourg

France

Tel: 33-88161144

Fax: 33-88161330

Tlx: 770 880 CHU STG

Date: 26 April 1990

Peer review: Strasbourg, France, April 1990


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