Main Risks: To poison by aquifolium of ilex is due to the ingestion of berries, that can induce the gastrointestinales symptoms.
Summary of clinical effects: The ingestion of berries can cause nausea, I vomit, the abdominal pain and diarrea. Dream and
somnolencia has been seen in children after ingestion of great amounts of berries. Although the mortal cases
they have inquired single in Literature old are no recent information of severe envenenamientos. The ingestion of
berries of aquifolium of Ilex are associated to a large extent with gastrointestinales symptoms. The damage to the eyes can happen due to the thorny leaves.
First aid: Emesis or gastric washing can be indicated in the recent ingestion of more than 5-10 berries in a boy. Hospitalization is indicated if the amounts have been great.
Toxic Parts: All the parts of the plant contain the active principles (Aliharidis, 1987).
The gastrointestinales symptoms appear within hours after the ingestion of berries and can last for 24 H. The severe symptoms can be observed after ingestion of many berries.
The death has inquired in the oldest Literature (Lewin, 1929), but has not been confirmed by more recent information.
Main Toxins: Aquifolium de Ilex contains several toxins: saponin, the enclosures of phenolic, terpenoides, sterols,
Description of the plant: Aquifolium de Ilex is a tree of perennial leaf 1-20 high meters. The leaves: green dark, they shine, has thorns, very hard, the flowers are small, white, rosaceous, fragant; it located in the base of the leaves (of April to July). The fruit: Each berry is 8 red berries of diameter of mm contains 4 seeds (of August to October December).
Habitat: Aquifolium de Ilex grows in forests, the parks, the gardens and in areas of plains and mountain. The plant is native of Europe. It is also cultivated like a decorative tree in the North America and Africa of the north.
Toxic Parts: The leaves, the crust, the berries contain the active principles; no information available in roots.
The toxin (toxins): Several active principles have been identified: The derivatives of Phenolic: the acid of vanillic, P-hydroxybenzoic
Terpenoids: alpha-amyrin (crust, the leaves, the fruit); the acid of ursolic (the leaves, the fruit); the acid
(leaves) of oleanolic; lactone (fruit) of ilex; Sterols: ergosterol (leaves); beta-sitosterol (fruit); The alkaloids: theobromine
The fatty acids: the acid (leaves) of pentadecanoic; the acid (leaves) of palmitic; the acid (leaves) of stearic;
the acid (leaves) of arachidic; the acid (leaves) of oleic; the acid (leaves) of linolenic; Alkanes: (the leaves, the fruit) Cyanogenic glucosides:
Uses: In the popular medicine, aquifolium of Ilex (infusion or decoction of dry leaves) is used traditionally
for intermittent fever and reumatismo; for its antipiréticas properties; astringent, the effects of
diurético and expectorante (Alikaridis, 1987). Aquifolium de Ilex also is used occasionally in homeopático
The plant is native to Europe but it is also cultivated in the North America and Africa of the north.
TOXICOLOGIA/TOXINOLOGY/la FARMACOLOGIA
Mechanism of action
The exact way of the action is not known. The gastrointestinales symptoms can be due to the saponina. Nevertheless, no specific toxin responsible for the symptoms has been identified.
REFERENCES
Toxicological Clinical and
Botanical
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during fall and to winter. Turdy Instituta Bot Academiia Nauk
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Poisindex
Rodriguez TD, Johnson PN, Jeffrey LP (1984). Holly berry
ingestion: report marries. Vet Hum Toxicol 26: 157-158.
Santamour FS (1973). Anthocyanins of holly fruits.
Phytochemistry 12: 611-615.
Schindler H, Herb M (1955). Chemistry of Ilex aquifolium.
Isolation of ursolic acid and rutin from the leaves. Arch
Pharmazie 288: 372-377.
Thomas H, Budzikiewicz H (1980). Ilex lactone, ein
they bisnormonoterpen to neuartiger strukture aus Ilex aquifolium.
Phytochemistry 19: 1866-1868.
Thomas H, Budzikiewicz H (1980). Inhaltstoffe der Fruchte von
Ilex aquifolium. L Z Pflanzenphysio 99: 271-276.
Valadon LRG, Sellens A.M., Mummery RS (1975). Carotenoids of
various berries. Ann Botany 39: 785-790.
Vermont J (1977). Toxicologie DES you plant à baies ou à fruits
bacciformes. Thèse Lyon.
Waud RA (1932). To digitalis-like action of extracts made from
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14, AUTHOR(S), REVIEWER(S), YOU DATE, COMPLETES ADDRESSES
Author: Professeur To Jaeger, Doctor F. Flesch
De Strasbourg centers Anti-Poisons
Hospices Civils - BP. 426
67091 Strasbourg
France
Tel: 33-88161144
Fax: 33-88161330
Tlx: 770 880 CHU STG
Date: 26 April 1990
Peer review: Strasbourg, France, April 1990
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