TAMARIND (tamarindus indica)

	T
	TAMARIND
	*tamarindus indica*

Name
TAMARIND

Scientific Name
tamarindus indica

TAMARIND

Catellano: tamarind, palxuchuc (in Mexico)

English: tamarind

DESCRIPTION: Form. Tree of medium size to great, inner to me, perennifolio under optimal conditions or subcaducifolio, of 10 to 25 ms (up to 30 ms) of height, with a diameter to the height of the chest of 1 m or more. Glass/Leaves. , extended and opened cleared, great glass, with a cover of 6 to 10 m.s dense or thin, plumoso Follaje in appearance and offering one shades attractive. Alternating leaves, paripinnadas, short

pecioladas, of 5 a15 cm of length; with (5)10 to 20 whole pairs of pinnas, oblong, with the oblique base and the cleared apex, almost sésiles, with fluctuating length of 0,3 to 2,5 cm and wide one of 2 to 8 mm, pale green color.

Trunk/Branches: Short, right and heavy trunk. Branches widely extended, with the small branches in zigzag form (pubescentes when young).

Crust. External with tonalities that go from dark grays to brown (toasted or coffee). Flor(es). Inflorescencias in short and lax, axillary or terminal, pendulosos clusters, of 5 to 10 cm in length by 2,2 cm of diameter, with (5) 8 to 14 flowers. Zigomórficas, showy flowers (the bellboys, red or pink); 4-lobulado, white chalice yellowish with reddish tones; corola with 5 petals of different sizes, 2

reduced and escamiformes and 3 great, oblanceolados, glabros ones, of pale yellow color clarified of red orange or, 0,5 to 1 cm in length and together with half. Fruto(s). Indehiscente, oblong case or to linear, something compressed laterally and commonly curved, with an external layer (epicarpio) brown thin, crustácea drought and escamosa (bankruptcy irregularly when the curing), a medium layer (mesocarpio) pulposa combined with fibers and an internal coriácea layer (endocarpio) septada between the seeds, of 1,7 to 15 cm. in length by 2 to 3,5 cm wide and 1,5 cm of thickness; containing 1 to 12 seeds. The fruits persist in the tree by several months. Semilla(s). Indehiscentes seeds, made oval, compressed, laterally smooth, with the cafélustrosa head, of 1 cm in length and united to each other. They lack endospermo like nutritious reserve, they present/display a pair of cotiledones heavy and radícula is small and straight.

Root. Deep radical system. Sexuality. Hermafrodita. Chromosomal number: 2n = 24, 26, 28.

DISTRIBUTION: Ample distribution in the tropical and subtropical zones of the country: Altitude: 0 to 1.200 ms. (In

ORIGIN/EXTENSION: Original of dry savannahs of tropical Africa, cultivated in America, also in Asia and other tropical countries where frequently it has been asilvestrado. It has been cultivated and often naturalized throughout the Antilles and from Mexico to Brazil. One has stood in the south of Florida, the Keys, Bermuda, Cuba and Puerto Rico. Panama

HISTORY Introduced to the New World between years 1700 and 1800, probably taken with the first boardings of slaves of the west of Africa. In Mexico it is gotten to find in Wild form in the coasts of the Pacific, mainly in the states of Jalisco, Colima and Guerrero. Species widely Cultivated in most of the tropical regions.

HABITAT: One is in places with semidry warm climate, although it can also prosper in climates cálidohúmedos. Its precipitation rank goes from 800 to 1,400

mm per year. It grows to borders of ways and it is common around the houses. It prospers well in deep lands with good drainage, texture of migajón-arcilloarenoso

and pH from 6,5 to 7,5, can nevertheless vegetate in acid grounds, slightly relatively poor or to grow in calcáreos lands as long as a good fertilization occurs him and is counted on water for irrigations in dry periods. Grounds: fluvisol, arenosol, acrisol, andosol. It tolerates from deep an alluvial ground to a rocky and porous ground.

ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE: Secondary Species.

EXPERIENCES WITH THE PLANT: Experimental Productive Commercial Plantation//.

India is the country that operates the tamarind more extensively. One tells on commercial plantations that they generate 250.000 tons per year. In Tamil Nadu 9.521 hectares are cultivated. The fruits produce 29.880 tons of pulp every year. The Tamarind has been receiving great importance under the cover of the Program of Social Forestería in Dharmapuri, Tirunelveli and other districts, in where cultures in great scale have settled down. Other countries with great commercial plantations are: Belize, Brazil and Guatemala.

CULTURE: Aspects of the culture. In the young stage it requires good irrigation and fertilization to settle down and once established, the mature tree survives without complementary irrigation. It can be fertilized every 2 or 3 months with 6-6-3 NPK, using 100 g and increasing gradually up to 225 g. The trees in fruition can be fertilized with 8-3-9 NPK, applying 225 g by application. Although the tamarind requires of small protection when, is a fruit tree that prospers with the minimum of the cares. The tree has capacity of autopoda, nevertheless can be practiced a pruning of formation in the young individuals to allow the good development of 3 to 5 branches. The most common distances of plantation are: 8 xs 15 ms, 8 xs 12 ms, 8 xs 8 ms, 12 xs 12 ms, 10 xs 20 ms, depending on the fertility of the ground. They seed plántulas of variable size from 40 cm to 2 ms of height. Improved varieties have not been developed that mature or they are developed quickly, but exist two types classified by the color of their fruits: red and coffee. The type coffee is commonest taking place commercially in abundance. It has you will cultivate select that provides sweet pulp. One in Thailand "Makham Waan" and the other in Miami. Florida (the USA) call "Manila Sweet. The Tamarind is classified like one of the 32 more important fruit species.

PROPAGATION: Asexual reproduction. 1. Weave culture. In India mature explantes of plántulas, knots and anthers are used (calluses, embryogenesis). 2. Cuts of tallo.Brotes or sprouts (stump). Sprouts again by root. 3. Aerial layer. 4. Graft and graft of yolk. The most efficient and suitable method is the lateral overlay, although

also the one of approach is recommended. This way the characteristics make sure the plant mother and a beginning of the production to the 4 or 5 years. Sexual reproduction. 1. Seed (plántulas). The multiplication of the tamarind has been made habitually by seed due to its high percentage of germination. It is recommended to soak the seeds by 4 or 5 days and to later place them in the beds of seed plots to a depth of 5 cm. 2. Natural regeneration. 3. Direct sowing.

EFFECT RESTAURADOR/SERVICE TO THE ATMOSPHERE: Efecto(s) restaurador(es). 1. Wadding/Cover of hojarasca. It contributes to the formation of the organic matter of the ground. 2. It improves the fertility of the ground/I leave fallow. 3. Degraded land recovery. This plant has been used to rehabilitate sites where there was mining operation. 4. Ground conservation/Control of the erosion. 5. It stabilizes sand banks. Servicio(s). 1. Close it lives in agrohábitats. 2, Barrier against fires (India). 3, Barrier rompevientos (in India). 4, Shade/Refuge. It provides shade in potreros. 5. Ornamental. It is cultivated in vestibules of churches, parks, avenues, border of ways, and gardens. The remainders of the cases constitute a disadvantage for their use in streets and avenues.

TOLERANCES: Plaintiff of. 1. Deep grounds. 2. Grounds with good drainage. 3. Light. Sign to. Wind. Their strong and flexible branches are seen little affected by the wind and it is known that it is a resistant tree to hurricanes. Resistant a. 1. Damage by thermites. 2. Fire. 3, Drought. Very resistant to the drought. Tolerant a. 1. Temporary flood. 2. Saline dew. It can be planted near the coasts. 3. Constant exhibition to the wind. 4. Compacted and stony grounds. 5. Shade. 6, Poor grounds. 7. Brief grounds. 8. Alkaline grounds. 9. Sandy grounds near coast 10. Saline grounds.

DISADVANTAGES: Intolerante a. 1. Fire (plántula, adult). Sensible/Susceptible a. 1. Frosts. The young trees are very sensible to the frosts, but the adults can support until - 3 ºC without suffering serious damages. 2. Damage by ramoneo. 3. Damage by rodents. 4. Damage by thermites (wood). The wood is strong and durable but very susceptible to the attack of termes of the dry wood. 5. Damage by fungi (stem, wood, root, leaf, fruit). The mature fruits in humid climates easily are attacked by fungi. 6. Damage by insects (seed, fruit, leaf). The fruits are gotten to infest with small escarabajos. 7. Argillaceous grounds. 8. Acid grounds.

USES: Adhesive [ seed ]. The seeds pulverized and mixed with gum arabic are an excellent glue. The seeds contain starch (63%), protein (16%) and semidrying oil (5.5%).

Colorantes [ leaf ]. From the leaves a yellow dye has been obtained. Fuel [ wood ]. Firewood and coal. Excellent fuel, generates much heat. Formerly [ was used to him to produce coal for pólvora.Comestible fruit, flower, leaf, seed ]. Its main product is the fruit, whose fleshy and acid pulp is appreciated to elaborate fresh water. In industrial plan pastes for concentrated that are used in the refrescantes drink preparation, sweet and ice creams are elaborated. The pulp constitutes 40 % of the case and is vitamin source C and B. 100 g of mature fruit contain 115 calories, 3 protein g and 18 carbohydrate g. Its acidity obeys to the tartárico, acetic and ascórbico acid presence. The pulp is a rich source of vitamins and important minerals and contains more calcium than other fruits. The young leaves, the immature cases and the flowers use like vegetable in salads without the vinegar necessity since they are acid. The seeds are used like food, toasting them, soaking them and cooking them to clear the rind to them. Its content provides starch, protein and oil. Its chemical composition is: water 11,3 %, protein 13,3 %, fat 5,4 %, carbohydrate 57,1 %, ash 4,1 % and crude fiber 8,8 %. the protein of the seed is rich in glutámico acid (18%), aspártico acid (11,6 %), glicina (9,1 %) and leucina (8,2 %) but deficient in metionina, treonina, valina and cisteína, reason why a protein of low quality is considered him. The proportion of essential amino acids in the protein is of 33,6 %. Condimento/Spices [ fruit ]. The acidity of the pulp must to the presence of the tartaric acid whose concentration is from the 10 to 15 %. In addition contains acetic, citric, málico and succínico acid, as well as sugars and pectina. The boiled tender fruit is used like condimento for rice, fish and meats. Construction [ wood ]. Rural construction. Curtiente [ fruit ]. The rind of the case is rich in tannins. Forrajero [ leaf, piston rod, fruit, seed, case ]. Forrajera plant for animal young within a lot. In order to make palatables the seeds to the cattle, must be soaked in water by one hour. Implementos of work [ wood ]. Implementos agricultural and handles of tools. Industrialist [ wood ]. In India the wood is used to make paper. The cover of the seed has antirust compounds that could be used like an industrial, safe source and of low cost to conserve foods. These compounds are: 2-hidroxi-3', 4'-dihidroxiacetofenona, methyl 3,4- dihidroxibenzoato, 3,4-dihidroxifenil acetate. Toxic insecticide/[ all the plant ]. Insecticide, poisons. Logable [ wood ]: The heart of the wood is enough hard, resistant and difficult to work but it takes good polish. It is used for centerings, pillars, beams, ebanistería, furniture, presses, posts, fences, sleepers, plates, construction of boats, wheels, rollers, crossbeams, marks, pylons of rice, oil mills and trapiches. The wood is sold in North America like "Madeira Mahogany".

Medicinal [ fruit, leaf, seed, crust, young stem, crust, fruit (case) ]. Official drug in the farmacopea of the United States and other countries. Pulp of the fruit: antipyretic, antiescorbutico, úrico acid and cholesterol. Young branches: disentería, buccal infections in the children new born. Crust (baking): asthma, amenorrhoea. Leaf, seeds (baking): vermifugal and estomáquica. Root (baking): diseases of the liver (you disorder bilious), ictericia and hemorrhages. Seed (baking): badly of rust. The cases: astringent and appetizer are used like. Plant: laxative: antidiabetic, diurética, alcoholic poisoning, inflammations, fever, antiseptic. In Mauritania, the pulp mixed with salt is used like liniment for the reumatismo. Melífera [ flower ]. Beekeeping. Ceremonial ritual/[ branch, leaf ]. Ceremonial.

Domestic use [ wood ]. Domestic utensils.

COMMENTARIES

They were the Arabs first in having knowledge of the properties of the fruit of this species, that was known in Europe like "tamarind of India". The retailers introduced it to Asia. The name derives from the Arab "tamare" = date, and "hindi" = Indian, that means date of India, being this name the one that gave origin him to its botanical name: Tamarindus indicates. The fruit was known from the Average Age in Europe and was described in 1298 by Marco Polo and in 1565 by Garci'a D'Orta who describes it like a very valuable resource.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

Bhattacharya, Sila, S. Bal and R.K. Mukherjee. 1994. Of Lumen, B.O., Robert Becker and To pound S. Reyes. 1986.

Estrada C., To Eduardo and Jorge S. Marroquín of the Source Garci'a Lanz, J.L. and A.M. González Irons. 1983.

Grant, G., J. More L., H. Mckenzie N., M. Dorward P., C. Buchan W., Hernandez Unzon, Haydee Yazmin. 1980.

Howard, R.A. 1991.

Jama, Bashir., P.K.R. Nair and P.W. Kurira. 1989.

Jambulingam, R. and E.C.M Fernandes. 1986.

Juan Takings Roig and Mesa. 1974.

Krishan, B. and O.P. Toky. 1993.

Mascarenhas, A.F. and E.M. Muralidharan. 1989.

Morton, Julia F. 1987.

Nair, P.K.R. S/a.

Nair, P.K.R., E.C.M. Fernandes and P. Wambugu. 1984.

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 1979.

Ocampo, R.A.(editor). 1994.

Osawa. 1994.

Prins, H. and J.A. Maghembe. 1994.

Rico-Gray, V., To Chemás and S. Mandujano. 1991.

Rondón Rangel, Jose "Arming. 1993.

Insipid Castle, Araceli. 1987.

Telek, L. and To Pusztai. 1995.

Tsuda, Takanori., Mie Watanabe, Katsumi Ohshima, Akira Yamamoto, Shunro Kawakishi and Toshihiko Osawa. 1994.

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