Senes angustifolia is subshrubs with paripinnadas compound leaves of 5 to 8 pairs of foliolos in C.s. The tetracíclicas, zigomorfas pentámeras flowers, grouped in axillary clusters have free yellow petals, 10 estambres of which 3 are sterile. The fruit is a membranosa and dehiscente flat vegetable that contains of 6 to 8 seeds.
Origin
The Sen of Alexandria (C. senna L.), or of Kartum is spontaneous in the northeast of the African continent: Ethiopia, Sudan, Egypt. The other oficinal species (C. angustifolia Vahl.), or sen of India or of Tinnevelly she is spontaneous in Somalia in the Arabic peninsula and it is cultivated extensively in India.
Chemical composition
The drug must to its biological properties to the derivatives of 1,8-dihidroxi antraquinona: the antracenósidos ones. In the case of senes, the majority components of the dried drug are the senósidos ones, heterósidos of dímeras, diantrónicas geninas: the senidinas. These senidinas come from the union of two monomers that can be identical or different. If they are identical, lead to homodiantronas: the senidinas To, A1 and B are dímeros of rein-antrona [ 1,8-dihidroxi-3-carboxi-10H antracen-9-ona; To and A1: treo: (+) and (-); B: eritro: (+), I pull ]. If they are different, lead to heterodiantronas: senidinas C and D, dímeros of reína and the aloe-emodol antrona. The corresponding heterósidos ones are the diglucósidos ones in 1 and 1'. In the fresh plant they are not but that glucósidos of monomers: the dimerización takes place in the course of the drying. Next to senósidos A-d small amounts of antraquinonas are aislan free and glucosiladas [ 58â, b ]. The other well-known components are flavonoides, pinitol, sugars, polisacárido galacturónico [ 585 ], fitosteroles and derived naftalénicos specific from each species: tinevelina and glucósido of 586 6-hidroxi-musicina [ ].
Farmacológicos data
The senósidos ones can be considered as pro inactive drugs in which the osídico component allows, by the hidrosolubilidad that it confers to the molecule, the transport of this one until the colon. The glucósidos ones hidrolizan and reduce to rein-antrona under the influence of enzymes of the bacteria of the intestinal flora [ 587, 589 ]: ésto has confirmed in vitro with isolated bacterial stocks of the intestine of man and 589 rat [ ].
Rein-antrona is laxative. It seems to be that [ 590 acts later - after a time of latency corresponding to the transport and the metabolism - on the intestinal motilidad (increasing it) and on the mobilization of the water and electrolytes and 584b ]. The inhibition of the absorption of water, sodium and chlorine at level of the intestinal mucosa and the increase of the potassium secretion must, among other things, to an inhibition of the Na+/K+A.T.P-ásica activity that diminishes the absorption. It is possible also to be thought - to the being the action of sen inhibited, in rat, by a previous treatment with indometacina - that takes place an stimulation of the secretion through the synthesis of the PgE2 [ 584, 593, 593 ].
Observations in the Man
The effectiveness of sen widely is demonstrated, their inocuidad continues being investigation object. The works on the alteration of biological parameters or cellular injuries at intestinal level, as much in rat as in man, are rich in contradictions attributable to the diversity of 594.596 the tried preparations [ ]. One knows that the administration prolonged of senósidos does not induce any histológica modification of the colon, in rat or 595.596 mouse [ ] but has been discovered ultrastructural changes after the 596 administration of antraquinonas [ ]. Also it has been demonstrated that the senósidos ones are eliminated, partly, in milk, but in an insufficient amount to produce effect in the boy.
Use
They sen and their preparations, correctly used, constitute a classic treatment of the constipation, when the etiología of these symptoms could have been determined, or at least, have discarded metabolic, functional, obstructivas causes, or medicamentosas. It is used traditionally sen, in infusion (often associated to other plants), and in form of capsule, tablet, etc.; in addition the pure senósidos ones are prescribed (10-30 mg/día). They sen and the senósidos ones are also used for the preparation of the exploration of the alimentary canal (ej.: radiográfico examination, colonoscopia) and in postoperative after a anus-rectal intervention or when any effort must be avoided. The prolonged use can produce important upheavals.
In Spain the use of this plant for the symptomatic treatment of the constipation is authorized.
Precautions
When the intestinal existence of occlusion is suspected. Hydric and electrolytic upheavals. Inflammatory diseases of the stomach or intestine. Period of lactancia and in the last third pregnancy. Not to prolong the treatment more than 7 to 10 days.
The drug
The foliolos, lanceolados, more or less asymmetric in the base, defer little according to the species: C. senna: of 15 to 40 mm of length x 1 to 15 mm wide, pubescentes, index of estomas 12.5, C. angustifolia: 20-50 x 7-20 mm, smooth, index of estomas 17.5, epidermis of cells with mucílagos (red of rutenio), tectores hairs of heavy and warty wall. The fruits, more or less reniformes, do not differ sensibly more than by the size and the aspect of the tegumento. All the drugs give a reaction (in acid decocción) of positive Bornträger. The antracenósidos ones, identifiable by C.C.F. of a hidroalcohólico extract (revealed with KOH after the action of HNO3 with heat), are valued by colorimetría (magnesium acetate) after oxidating hydrolysis: fruits > 2.2 % (C. angustifolia), > 3.4 % (C. senna), leaf > 2.5 % (expressed in senósido B).
Bibliography
[ 584 ] the composition of the drug is detailed in classic works of Farmacognosia, also appears in magazines, among others:
(a) - J. LEMLI
The chemistry of senna
Fitoterapia, 57, 33-40, 1986.
Of the same author it is possible also to be consulted:
(b) - Senna - An old drug in modern research
Introduction au 1st international Symposium in Senna, J. LEMLI, And Leng-pschlow K-f. SEWING, eds., Rottach-Egern (F.R.G.), 22-23 May 1987, in: Pharmacology, 36, supp. 1, 240 p., 1988.
[ 585 ] B.M. MÜLLER, J. KRAUS and G. FRANZ
Structural Isolation and investigation of to polysaccharide from Cassia angustifolia leaves
It plants Med., 55, 99-100, 1989.
[ 586 ] J. LEMLI, J. CUVEELE and E. VERHAEREN
Chemical identification of Alexandrian and Tinnevelly senna
It plants Med., 49, 36-37, 1983.
[ 587 ] J. LEMLI and L. LEMMENS
Metabolism of sennosides and rhein in the rat
Pharmacology, 20, 50-57, 1980.
[ 588 ] M. DRESSEN, H. EYSSEN and J. LEMLI
The metabolism of sennosides To and B by the intestinal microflora: in vitro and in alive studies on the Rat and the Mouse
J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 33, 679-681, 1981.
[ 589 ] M. HATTORI, T. NAMBA, T. AKAO and K. KOBASHI
Metabolism of sennosides by human intestinal bacterium
Pharmacology, 36, supp. 1, 172-179, 1988.
[ 590 ] And Leng-peschlow
Dual effect of orally administered sennosides on large intestine transit and you flow absorption in the Rat
J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 38, 606-610, 1986.
[ 591 ] And BEUBLER and G. KOLLAR
Stimulation of PGE2 synthesis and to water and electrolyte secretion by senna anthraquinones is inhibited by indomethacin
J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 37, 248-251, 1985.
[ 592 ] N. MASCOLO, R. MELI, G. AUTORE and F. CAPASSO
Evidence against to dependence of the senna effect on prostaglandin formation
Pharmacology, 36, supp. 1, 92-97, 1988.
[ 593 ] M. DONOWITZ, J. WICKS, L. BATTISTI, G. PIKE and R. DELELLIS
Effect of intestinal Senokot on rat electrolyte transport. Evidence of Ca++ dependence
Gastroenterology, 87, 503-512, 1984; to also see: M. DONOWITZ, Ca2+ in the control of activates intestinal Na+ and CL transport: involvement in neurohumoral action, a.m., J. Physiol., 245, 165-177, 1983
[ 594 ] P. DUFOUR, P. GENDRE, J.M. MEUNIER and J. CANELLAS
Tolérance of muqueuse intestinale of the Souris à l'ingestion prolongée d'une poudre of Sené
Ann. Pharm, Fr., 41, 571-578, 1983.
[ 595 ] R.L. RUDOL and U. MENGS
Microscopical electron studies on rat intestine to after long-term treatment with sennosides
Pharmacology, 36, supp. 1, 188-193, 1988.
[ 596 ] P. DUFOUR and P. GENDRE
Mucosal Long-term alterations by sennosides and related compounds
Pharmacology, 36, supp. 1, 194-202, 1988.
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Constipation
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