Common Salvia; al.: Echter Salbei, Königssalbei; ingl.: True (they garden) sage
Leaf
The species officinalis is a leafy subshrub and very graft, with lanceoladas of greenish color gray, heavy and rough leaves, grouped flowers violáceo blue color in verticilos with few flowers that form an ear and they are characterized by two a androceo reduced to estambres.
Origin
This plant vivaz is original of the Eastern Mediterranean regions. It prefers warm and calcáreos lands. It grows of spontaneous way and in culture throughout all the Mediterranean river basin, from Spain to Turkey, and in North Africa.
Chemical composition
A great interest by the following components exists: acids fenoles, rosmarínico acid; flavonoides (1-3%): 5-metoxi salvigenina and others flavonas, the majority metoxiladas in 6 [ 440 ]; triterpenos: mainly carboxílicos derivatives of the series of the oleanano [ 441 ]; diterpenos (ej. carnosol) responsible for the bitterness of the drug. The drug is known mainly by its essential oil.
• essential Oil. Its content locates between the 0.8 and 2,5%; its composition very has been studied. The main components are bicyclical monoterpénicas ketones, the a and ß-tuyonas (35-60%, predominating a-tuyona clearly, except for rare 442.445 exceptions [ ]). The essential oil contains in addition, like majority components, camphor (10-40%, sometimes less [ 442 ]), cineol, borneol (it frees and esterificado). Between the rest of the identified components (by chromatography of gases and chromatography of gases/espectrofotometría of mass), a ten of hydrocarbons is with enough frequency monkey and sesquiterpénicos: pineno, canfeno, sabineno, limoneno, etc... [ 442 ]. The proportions of these components can vary of important form based on numerous criteria: geographic origin [ 443 ], time and frequency of the 444 harvesting [ ].
Farmacológicos data
Of between all the properties attributed to this plant, like the one to provide immortality [ 446 ], has only investigated some of them.
• antiseptic Activity: The essential oil of salvia is antimicrobial and slightly antifúngico in vitro, but its bactericidal, inferior activity to the one of the essential oil of thyme, is null forehead to 447 Staphylococcus aureus [ ]. The watery extracts are also antiseptic and antirust, having this last property to the rosmarínico acid presence.
• antispasmodic Activity. To small doses (0.16 mg/ml), the essential oil inhibits in a 50% the contractions caused by electrical stimulation of íleon isolated of coberry: the camphor and the acetate of bornilo are 448 the most active components [ ]. Other components of the leaf of salvia also are inhibiting of the espasmos of smooth muscle caused by acetilcolina, histamina or 449 serotonin [ ] ]. He is interesting to relate the espasmolítica activity to the one of numerous flavonoides and, in individual, with the one of flavonas polimetoxiladas isolated of the 450 thyme [ ].
Observations in the Man
Although it seems that the activity of the drug has not been object of many studies, have been made numerous observations that show the important neurotoxicidad of pure the essential oil. After a time of latency, it is observed hipersialorrea, vomits and tonic and/or clónicas convulsions. Between the convulsive crises, the intoxicated one remains navigated, hypotonic [ 451 ]. Studies in rat show that the convulsivante activity is of central origin and that the convulsive manifestations appear from 0.5 doses of g/kg (i.p.). The electrocorticográficos and electromiográficos data demonstrate that the central action appears to very inferior doses to which they cause mioclonías. The toxicity must to monoterpénicas ketones mainly: tuyonas and camphor of salvia of Dalmacia, camphor of the S. lavandulifolia (that, nevertheless, is less toxic). The toxicity could be bound to an inhibition of the oxidativo metabolism of the 452 neurons [ ].
Use
Formerly it was used to treat numerous affections, specially, to make diminish perspiration. At the moment, the fitoterapia proposes its use (criomolturado dust, infusion...) for the symptomatic treatment of different digestive upheavals: epigástrica flatulencia, slow digestion, as well as, by via the premises, in antálgicas and antiseptic preparations. The digestive properties that are recognized to him do not seem to be related to the presence of tuyonas, but to the one of other terpenos of the essential oil and with the flavonoides of the watery extract. For that reason, the proposal of some authors does not lack interest who recommend the use of S. lavandulifolia (particularly rich species in 453 flavonoides [ ]). Administering to rats the criomolida drug, it does not cause toxic manifestations in the tests of acute toxicity (2 g/kg) and subacute (300 and 900 mg/kg/día), to per you [ 454 ].
In Spain the use of this plant for the menstrual upheavals is authorized (estrogénica action); astringent, antisudoríparo, antiseptic.
Precautions
By its content in composed with estrogénicas properties its use in men is not recommended. To respect the advised doses. It is possible to be advised in incipientes baldness of androgénico origin.
The drug
The form and the size of the leaves vary according to their position in the stem. When they are in the base are pecioladas, lanceoladas and quite great (6-8 x 2-4 cm), but when they are in the superior part are sésiles, narrow, acute and smaller. All the leaves are pubescentes, the denticulados edges, of grayish white color and rough. The scent of the drug is balsamic and its aromatic and bitter flavor. The two epidermis are provided with swollen in the base and sharpened uniseriados tricellular tectores hairs in the end, that is appraised perfectly in the pulverized drug. It presents/displays estomas diacíticos in epidermis inferior. The essential oil content of the oficinal drug is like minimum a 2% and at the most a 3% (V/m). The main components of the essential oil can be identified by means of chromatography in fine layer.
Bibliography
[ 439 ] S. officinalis has been subdivided during long time in two subspecies. At the moment lavandulifolia Vahl. is different from S.:
I.C. HEDGE, Salvia. In: Flora Europaea, T.G. TUTIN, V.H. HEYWOOD, N.A. BURGES, D.M. MOORE, D.H. VALENTIN, S.M. the WALTERS and D.A.S. officinalis has been subdivided during long time in two raises
[ 440 ] C.H. BRIESKORN and Z. KAPADIA
Constituents of Salvia officinalis. XXIII. 5-methoxy salvigenin in leaves of Salvia officinalis.
It plants Med., 35, 376-378, 1979.
[ 441 ] C.H. BRIESKORN and Z. KAPADIA
Bestandteile von Salvia officinalis. XXIV: Triterpenalkohole, Triterpensäuren und pristan im Blatt von Salvia officinalis L.
It plants Med., 38, 86-90, 1980
[ 442 ] B.M. LAWRENCE
Oil Sage. In: Progress in essential oils.
Perfume. Flavor., 14, (11-12), 90-94, 1989; ibid., 13, (06-07), 49-56, 1988; to also see: you go, ibid., 11, (08-09), 79-80, 1986; 9, (12-01), 65-71, 1984-5
[ 443 ] D. KUSTRAK, J. KUFTINEC and N. BALZEVIC
Yields and composition of sage oils from different regions of the Yugoslavian Adriatic coast
J.Nat. Prod., 47, 520-524, 1984.
[ 444 ] And PUTIEVSKY, Or RAVID and N. DUDAI
The influence of season and harvest frequency on essential herbal oil and yields from to pure clone of sage (Salvia officinalis) grown to under cultivated conditions.
J. Nat. Prod., 49, 326-329, 1986; to also see: G.E. GRELE. PUTIEVSKY, Or RAVID and N. DUDAI
The influence of season and harvest frequency on essential herbal oil and yi
[ 445 ] To BELKAMEL, S. DROUET and M. ROUZET
To propos of l´huile essentielle of Salvia officinalis L. du Maroc, particularités ET caractéristiques.
To the Biruniya, Rev. sea. Pharm., 4, 7-26, 1988.
[ 446 ] M. Albert-puleo
Mythobotany, pharmacology, and chemistry of thujone-containing plants and derivatives.
Econ. Bot., 32, 65-74, 1978.
[ 447 ] R.S. FARAG, H. SALEM, A.Z.M.A. BADEI and D.E. HASSANEIN
Essential Biochemical studies on the oils of some medicinal plants.
Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmit., 88, 69-72, 1986.
[ 448 ] I. TADDEI, D. GIACHETTI, And TADDEI, P. MANTOVANI and E. BIANCHI
Spasmolytic activity of peppermint, sage and rosemary essences and to their major constituents.
Fitoterapia, 59, 463-468, 1988.
[ 449 ] S. TODOROV, S. PHILIANOS, V. PETKOV, C. HARVALA, R. ZAMFIROVA and H. OLIMPIOU
Experimental pharmacological study of three species from genus Salvia.
Act Physiol Pharmacol. Bulg., 10, 13-20, 1984.
[ 450 ] C.O. GOES GIVE BROUCKE and J.A. LEMLI
Spasmolytic activity of the flavonoids from Thymus vulgaris.
Pharm. Weekbl., [ Sc. Ed. ], 5, 9-14, 1983.
[ 451 ] And MILLET, J. JOUGLARD, M.D. STEINMETZ, P. TOGNETTI, P. JOANNY and J. ARDITTI
Essential Toxicity of some plant oils. Experimental Clinical and study.
Clin. Toxicol., 18, 1485-1498, 1981.
[ 452 ] M.D. STEINMETZ, P. JOANNY, And MILLET and F. GIANNELLINI
Action d´huiles essentielles of sauge, thuya, hysope ET of certains constituants, the south respiration of coupes of cortex cérébral in vitro.
Plant Méd., Phytothér., 19, 35-47, 1985.
[ 453 ] F. Tomas-lorente, M. Garci'a-grau-grau and F. Tomas-barberan
The wastes of the industrialist treatment of Salvia lavandulaefolia ace to source of biologically activates flavonoids.
Fitoterapia, 59, 62-67, 1988; to also see, about the essential oil: J. CABO, M.E. CRESF. Tomas-lorente, M. Garci'a-grau-grau and F. Tomas-barberan
The wastes of the industrialist treatment of Salvia lavandulaefolia ace to source of biologically activates flavonoids.
[ 454 ] Salvia, toxicológico dossier of Laboratories ARKOPHARMA.
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Menopause
Dismenorrea
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