Onagra, Grass of the ass; al.: Nachtkerze; ingl.: Evening primrose
Seed (oil of)
This biennial plant is recognized by its great pentacíclicas, tetrámeras flowers with escotados, yellow petals, with estambres obdiplostémonos, gineceo to tetralocular that it leads to a loculicida capsule that contains numerous exalbuminadas seeds.
Origin
The sort is original of North America, but their different species have colonized the coastal zones, the estuaries and other many zones of light and sandy grounds. Onagras comes from cultures, specially of the United Kingdom, for the production of 424 seeds [ ].
Chemical composition
The seed of onagra approximately contains a 15% of proteins, 24% of oil, 40% of fibers (cellulous and lignina) and lecitinas. The mineral remainder contains a high calcium concentration [ 425 ]. The main interest of this drug is in its essential called fatty acid oil, rich (A.G.E), because its deficiency originates numerous upheavals.
The main fatty acids of the oil are the following ones (contained average): palmítico acid (7-10%), esteárico acid (1,5-3,5%), oléico acid (6-11%), linoléico acid (65-80%)?-linolénico acid (8-14%)... The content in insaponificable (< 2%) varies little with respect to the one of the cotton oil (mainly, ß-sitosterol and citrostadienol). Or biennis is not the species that produces but amount of?-linolénico acid, and some 427 species do not even contain [ ]. The?-linolénico acid (= acid octadeca-6,9,12-trienóico) is an acid in C18 with three double connections in configuration Z, following one another according to a reason diénico-1,4 that, sometimes, it is designated - in publications of physiology under the denomination of C18: 3(n-6) ("family?-6").
In young men, the?-linolénico acid forms by the delta-6-desaturasa (A-6d) from linoléico acid contributed by the feeding; he is the intermediary forced towards acids I gave-homo to?-linolénico [ C20: 3(n-6) ] and araquidónico [ C20: 4(n-6) ] (this one last one also is contributed partly by the feeding: eggs, liver).
Farmacológicos data
One knows that the A.G.E. are precursory of the eicosanoides (prostaglandins, tromboxanos, leucotrienos) and components of the phospholipids of the cellular membrane to which they assure its fluidity thanks to the curvature its molecule "poli-cis". The deficiency in A.G.E. it is accompanied by cutaneous upheavals (eczematosas injuries, eritemas), delay of the growth, plaquetaria hipoagregabilidad, alteration of the synthesis of PgE1. Also esteem that some factors diminish the activity of the A-6-desaturasa: hepática insufficiency, hipoinsulinemia, nourishing senescencia, imbalances, alcoholism, undernourishment, etc... [ 426.428.429 ]. If the linoléico acid contribution in the daily ration is indispensable, the one of?-linolénico acid allows to act like short circuit in the stage limit that is the desaturación in 6, to contribute - via acid I gave-homo?-linolénico- the immediate precursor of PgE1 and, for that reason, to avoid the PgE1/PgE2 imbalance (since these last ones continue being synthesized partially from exogenous araquidónico acid), imbalance that would originate certain manifestations observed in case of deficiency in A.G.E.
Observations in the Man
Several clinical studies have been made, that are certainly limited, others in double blind person as opposed to placebo with the purpose of making specific the interest of the oil of onagra in numerous pathologies. The results are excellent in the mammary treatment of the premenstrual syndrome [ 430.431 ] and pains (identical effect to the one of the bromocriptina) [ 432 ]. Other tests have also demonstrated, the interest of the oil of onagra in the sclerosis [ 433 ], atópico schizophrenia [ 434 ], eczema [ 435.436 ], reumatoide arthritis [ 437 ] and even in 438 the diabetic neuropatías [ ].
Since the?-linolénico acid can be absorbed by percutánea route (Wepierre), they have seted out a good number of dermatológicas applications. The inocuidad of the poliinsaturados áciácidos overdose of greasy (easily peroxidables), without a concomitante taking of antirust, lack still to demonstrate.
Use
The oil of onagra comprises of the cosmetic product composition numerous. Also one is in form of capsules. These formulas are destined to deal with pathologies related to the deficiency insaturados fatty acids: atópico premenstrual syndrome, eczema, cutaneous aging. Some authors propose the use of the oil of onagra in the treatment of the sclerosis or the schizophrenia.
The drug
The control of the seeds of onagra is the one of all drugs with oil. The oil content can value by extraction with hexano and gravimetry. The physical determinations (relative density, refractive index, viscosity) and chemistries (peroxide, saponificación, iodine, acid values) can complete by means of the quantitative evaluation of the insaponificable and the investigation of their falsification. The analysis of the A.G. is very easy by means of C.G. (gas chromatography) of methylic esters; this same technique allows, if it were necessary, a detailed analysis of the insaponificable. The use of the C.C.F. (chromatography in fine layer) in silver impregnated nitrate plates, of the C.G (gas chromatography) and of the H.P.L.C. (liquid chromatography of hi-res) allows to identify and to value the triglicéridos ones of the oil.
Bibliography
[ 424 ] To LACOMBE. Or QUENOT . P. GRIGNAC, J. GRAILLE, M. PINA and P.GARNIER
Tentative of production d´acide even gamma-linole'nique culture of l´onagre (genre Oenothera)
Oléagineux, 40, 35-40, 1985.
[ 425 ] B.J.F. The HUDSON
Evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) Oil and seed
J. A.m. Oil. Chem. Soc., 61, 540-543, 1984
[ 426 ] J. PACCALIN, H. DABADIE, M. BERNERD, F. MENDY, D. SPIELMANN and N. DELHAYE
Intérêt d´une nouvelle plants oléagineuse: l´onagre (Oenothera biennis or lamarckiana). Apport in acide troubles gamma-linole'nique ET of désaturation in pathologie.
Méd. ET Nutr., J. PACCALIN, H. GIVES
[ 427 ] M. PINA, J. GRAILLE, P. GRIGNAC, To LACOMBE, Or QUENOT and P. GARNIER
Recherche d´oenothères riches in acide gamma-linole'nique
Oléagineux, 39, 593-596, 1984
[ 428 ] H. PACCALIN, F. MENDY, M. BERNARD, N. DELHAYE and D. SPIELMANN
Redécouverte d´une plants oléagineuse: l´Oenothera biennis. Intérêt of l´acide gamma-linole'nique in nutrition
Bull. Acad. Nat. Méd., 167, 923-931, 1983
[ 429 ] H. BECKER
DAS Öl to der Nachtkerze Oenothera biennis, eine Quelle therapeutisch und diätetish to interessanter Fettsäuren.
Z. für Phytother, 4, 531-536, 1983
[ 430 ] J. PUOLAKKA, L. MÄKÄRÄINEN, L. VIINIKKA and Or YLIKORKALA
Clinical Biochemical and effects of treating the premenstrual syndrome with prostaglandin synthesis precursors.
J. Reprod. Med., 30, 149-153, 1985
[ 431 ] D.F. HORROBIN
Essential The role of fatty acids and prostaglandins in the premenstrual syndrome.
J. Reprod. Med., 28, 465-468, 1983
[ 432 ] J.K. PYE, R.E. MANSEL and L.E. HUGHES
Clinical experience of drug treatments for mastalgia Lancet, 2, 373-377, 1985
[ 433 ] D.F. HORROBIN and M. S. MANKU
Essential fatty acids in clinical medicine.
Nutrition and Health, 2, 127-134, 1983
[ 434 ] To SOULAIRAC, H. LAMBINET and J.C. NEUMAN
Schizophrénie ET prostaglandines: effects thérapeutiques of précurseurs of leur synthèse sous forms d´huile d´onagre (oenothère).
Ann. Med. Psychol. 141, 883-891, 1983
[ 435 ] M.S. MANKU, D.F. HORROBIN, N.L. MORSE, S. WRIGHT and J.L. BURTON
Essential fatty acids in the shapes phospholipids of patients with atopic eczema.
Essential Effets of altering dietary fatty acids on requirements for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: to double blind placebo controlled study.
Annals of rheumatic diseases, 47, 96-104, 198J
[ 438 ] G.A. JAMAL, H. CARMMICHAEL., A.I. WIER.
Gamma linolenic acid in diabetic neuropathy.
Lancet, 1098, 1986.
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Menopause
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