Opposed, persistent, whole and coriáceas tree of winding trunk, leaves. Actinomorphic flowers with perianto tetramero and ovoid fruit in drupa with monoseminado hard bone, whose mesocarpio contains (when he is mature) a 50% of lipids.
Origin
The olive tree, for some "symbol of the eumediterráneas fitoclimáticas conditions", does not know itself in spontaneous state. It is thought that it began to cultivate itself in Syria, Palestine: the plants that have returned to their spontaneous state have given different origin taxones, in individual, to oleastro [ 306 ].
Chemical composition
The leaf of the olive tree contains mineral salts (calcium), neutral lipids, fosfo and glucolípidos, triterpenos (acid oleanólico and its derivative 2-a hidroxilado), flavonoides (rutósido, 307 monkey and diósidos of flavonas [ ]). The presence of alkaloids is about to still to confirm.
The activity of the drug is related to the heterósidos ones of heterocíclica genina: the secoiridoides. These, and in individual, the secologanósido one - its precursor -, only conserve the piránico cycle of the ciclopenta[c]piránico nucleus of the iridoides stricto sensu. The oleuropeósido one - main compound of the group is fenetílico methylic to diéster in (11) and 3,4-dihidroxi (in 7) of the oleósido one, glucósido secoiridoide dicarboxílico [ sometimes described, erroneously, like a ester, to see note 2 in 309 ]. He appears accompanied by the dimetil-oleuropeósido one, the dimetílico ester of oleósido and the ligstrósido one (4-hidroxi-fenetílico ester). Aldehídicos derivatives are had isolated 308 nonheterosídicos [ ]. The structure of the oleurósido one has been published, fenetílico ester dihidroxi-3,4 of dry-logano'sido [ 309 ].
Farmacológicos data
The hypotensile action of the infusions or decocciones with olive tree leaves firstly was confirmed in the man and later in dog and rat. In 1972, 317 Petkov ET al. [ ] demonstrated that the oleuropeósido one, administered by via i.v. to the hypertense dog, causes an important one and prolonged diminution of the arterial pressure. As much this compound as the extract of leaves, administered via oral, to hypertense rat normotensa and, exerts 312 a antihipertensora and hypotensile activity [ ]. On the other hand, the oleuropeósido one increases to the coronary flow and the left intraventricular pressure in the isolated heart of 319 rabbit [ ].
Also the oleuropeósido one is espasmolítico: in the stomach of rat, oleuropeósido antagoniza of the noncompetitive form contracturante action of cumulative doses of acetilcolina in fundus of the rat stomach. She is an antagonist of the receivers of the PgE2.
Other activities have been indicated not yet verified scientifically: action on glucemia, the hypertherm, the diuresis. Recently [ 313 ], has attributed antiulcerosas properties to him related to the presence of oleanólico acid. This one and their salts would be active by oral route.
Observations in the Man
Most of the observations gathered in the specialized press they are old: those of Mazet previously can be mentioned (1938), that affirms that the long term treatment with a decocción of leaves, stabilized, leads to a normalization of the arterial tension. Other 314 studies [ ] reach analogous conclusions. A preliminary study has demonstrated that the pulverized drug adimistrada to 2 doses of 1 or g/día, diminishes colesterolemia significantly, from 15º day with a favorable lipoprotein variation (diminution of the LDL cholesterol and increase of the HDL).
Use
An old study, very partial, mentions the absence of acute toxicity of the total extract of leaf of olive tree administered to the coberry. The last works also have demonstrated the inocuidad of the oleuropeósido one. Its febrífugo use traditional since has been left by fitoterapéutas, who defend the confirmed hypotensile properties in the animal: treatment of the upheavals related to the arterial hypertension, prevention of the aterosclerosis. The used forms are the infusion, the nebulizado one of extract of stabilized leaves, the criomolido dust of leaves. Cases of contraindications have not been registered. Tests with the pulverized drug have demonstrated to the absence of acute and subacute toxicity in 320 rat [ ].
In Spain the use of this plant for the slight circulatory alterations is authorized. Helping in the hypertension treatment. Diurético.
The drug
The olive tree leaf is simple, subsésil, lanceolada (3-5 x 1-1,5 cm), lasts, its edges are coiled by drying. The superior face of the limb is green grayish, the inferior one is covered of fine hairs that are given off easily with the friction and they give a smooth and off-white aspect him. Observed the microscope, the two epidermis appear very cutinizadas: epidermis inferior is covered with tricommas peltados with the cells, had radial form around a central foot. The test physical-chemistry includes the characterization of oleanólico acid in a etéreo extract and an analysis by 316 macerated C.C.F of etanólico [ ]. It has been developed to the analysis by liquid chromatography of hi-res of oleuropeósido and other present 318 compounds [ ] in the fruit.
To chemotaxonomic survey of flavonoids in leaves of the Oleaceae.
Bot. J. of the Linnean Soc., 81, 155-167, 1980.
[ 308 ] P. GARIBOLDI, G. JOMMI and L. VEROTTA
Europaea Secoiridoids from Olea.
Phytochemistry, 25, 865-869, 1986.
[ 309 ] H. KUWAJIMA, T. UEMURA, K. TAKAISHI, K, INOUE and H. INOUYE
To secoiridoid glucoside from europaea Olea
Phytochemistry, 27, 1757-1759, 1988.
[ 310 ] G. COMBES and To ESCAUT
Nouveau procédé of préparation d´un extrait of feuilles d´Olea europaea riche in oleuropéine, produits obtenus, aplication à titre of médicaments ET compositions them renfermant.
Brevet d´invention français nº 81-11 606; 12-06-1981) G. OPEN SPACE and To ESCAUT
Nouveau procéd
[ 311 ] B. LASSERRE, R. KAISER, P.H. CHANH, N. IFANSIYAH, J. GLEYE and C. MOULIS
Effects on rats of aqueous extracts of plants used in folk medicine ace antihypertensive agents.
Naturwissenschaften, 70, 95-96, 1983.
[ 312 ] R. OF A. RIBEIRO, M.M.R. FIUZA OF MELO, MUD F., C. GOMES and G. TROLIN
Medicinal Acute antihypertensive effect in concious rats produced by some plants used in the state of Sao Paulo.
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 15, 261-269, 1986.
[ 313 ] Brevet d´invention européen nº 93 250, 1983 mentioned by C. MEUNIER, feuille to d´olivier, Adminisers extreme unction to europaea L, Thèse de Doctorat in Pharmacie, (Diplôme d´Etat), Paris IX, 1986, [ bibliographical compilation ].
[ 314 ] J. PELLECUER
L´olivier, Adminisers extreme unction to europaea L. (Oléacées). D´actualité plants médicinale.
Act. Pharm., (215), 27-30, 1984.
[ 315 ] D. WEBER
Contribution à l´étude of l´action antihypertensive of feuille to d´olivier: l´oleuropéine, principe actif antihypertenseur. Thèse of l´Université of Montpellier, (Mention Pharmacie), Montpellier, 1983.
[ 316 ] Pharmacopée française, Xª ed..
[ 317 ] V. PETKOV and P. MANOLOV
Pharmacological analysis of the iridoid oleuropein.
Arzneim. - Forsch., 22, 1476-1486, 1972.
[ 318 ] M.-j. AMIOT, To FLEURIET and J-j. MACHEIX
Importance and evolution of phenolic compounds in trims off lower branches of during growth and maturation.
J. Agric. Food Chem., 34, 823-826, 1986.
[ 319 ] N. IFANSYAH
Recherches phytochimiques ET pharmacologiques South them principes actifs of végétaux utilisés comme antihypertenseurs in médecine traditionnelle. Thèse de Doctorat of troisième cycle ès Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Toulouse, 1982.
[ 320 ] Olivier, to dossier toxicologique, Travaux DES Laboratoires ARKOPHARMA.
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Moderate essential arterial hypertension
Cerebral circulatory insufficiency
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