Achillea millefolium L. stricto sensu is a polimorfa species pertaining to the section millefolium (Adans.) Koch. [ 291 ] and characterized by chapters of white or pink flowers. The most recent authors differentiate 3 subspecies: millefolium, ceretanum Sennen (= To monticola Martin-Donos) and alpestris (Wimm. and Grab.) Gremli (= sudetica (Opiz) Weiss) [ 292 and ref mentioned, also 291 ].
Origin
Cosmopolitan, less common in the Mediterranean zone, this species of prairies and edges of the ways resist different ecological conditions that they influence of important form in his morphology. Its easy hibridación, its aneuploide character and the introgresión do that the transition phenotypes are multiplied, doing difficult its 293 identification [ ].
Chemical composition
The chemical composition of the drug has been study object for a long time [ 294 ], but it is problable that the published results - at least oldest sensu does not talk about to A. millefolium stricto, but rather to A. broad millefolium sensu.
They have described poliínas (ponticaepóxido), nitrogen acids fenoles, compounds (estaquidrina, hill...). The poliénicas amides mainly concentrate in 295 the underground parts [ ]. Several lactonas sesquiterpénicas have themselves isolated: 2,3-dehidro-desacetoximatricina, leucodina, aquilicina, milefina, acetilbalcanólido [ 294.296 ].
•Aceite essential. Its blue color must to the presence of azulenos. Nevertheless, one admits that the azuleno presence is typical of the tetraploides (2n=36): they are absent (except for rare 303 exceptions [ ]) in the hexaploides (2n=54). According to cariotipo, the main components are the pinenos and the cariofileno (essential oil with azulenos) and the camphor, sabineno and cineol (essential oil without azulenos) [ 297a, b ]. It seems therefore - as they indicate to Lamaison and 292 Carnat [ ] - that the norms of the French Farmacopea have settled down from tetraploides like collina A. 298.299 Becker [ ].
•Flavonoides. Independently of the ploidea degree, these pigments are represented by flavonas and flavonoles metoxilados in 6. In A. millefolium stricto sensu the subspecies has the same profile in 293.294.300 trimetiladas geninas I gave and [ ], but in not heterósidos 304.
Farmacológicos data
The traditionally recognized antiinflammatory activity in the drug is attributed, logically, to the presence of azulenos [ to see "manzanilla Roman", ref 297-298 ]. In the case of the hexaploides, other people in charge must look for, could be the flavonoides which their 301 antiflogísticas properties are known [ ]. The same it happens with the observed espasmolíticas animal properties. The hemostatic activity, has been transmitted by tradition.
Observations in the Man
It does not seem that clinical tests have been made in the man. Old works refer the beneficial effect of the drug.
Use
Traditionally, the flowery sumidades are used to alleviate to the habitual sintomatología of the smaller digestive upheavals (difficult digestions, flatulencias) and the painful component of the spasmodic colitis. Some works of fitoterapia defend their use in the treatment of the varicose disease. The popular medicine attributes to this drug vasoconstrictoras, decongestant properties, healing astringents and, for that reason it is used in the treatment of the hemorroides. The made tests of acute and subacute toxicity, show that the pulverized drug of the flowery sumidad does not cause any 305 toxic manifestation [ ].
The drug
The stems, rigid, graft at level of the inflorescencias, sometimes reddish by some zones, have sésiles leaves, very pilosas and trimmed. Each element to foliar finishes in an acute end. The chapters are grouped in corimbos and are surrounded by membranosas brácteas parduzcas that covers them as roofing tiles. The microscopic examination of the cuts of stem and leaf (that it presents/displays tectores hairs of uniseriado pluricellular foot and extended monocellular head) must be completed by means of the valuation of the essential oil (contained minimum demanded by the Farmacopea: 0.3% V/m) and by means of its analysis by C.C.F. to show the presence of the chamazulenos. In France, only To m., ssp. alpestris (Wimm. and Grab) sudetica Gremli=ssp. (Opiz) Weiss (hexaploide [ 293 ]) can respond to this norm.
Bibliography
[ 291 ] I.B.K. RICHARDSON. Achillea. In: Flora Europaea, T.G. TUTIN, V.H. HEYWOOD, N.A. BURGES, D.M. MOORE, D.H. VALENTIN, S.M. the WALTERS and D.A. WEBB, eds., Cambidge, University Press, vol. 4, p. 159-165, 1976.
[ 292 ] J.L. LAMAISON and A.P. CARNAT
Recherche d´azulène chez them trois sous-espèces d´Achillea millefolium L.
Ann. Pharm. Fr., 46, 139-143, 1988
[ 293 ] K.M. Valant-vetschera and E. WOLLENWEBER
Leaf flavonoids of the Achillea millefolium group. Part II: distribution patterns of free aglycones in leaf exsudates
Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 16, 605-614, 1988
[ 294 ] R.F. CHANDLER, S.N. HOOPER and M.J. HARVEY
Ethnobotany and phytochemistry of yarrow, Achillea millefollium, Compositae
Econ. Bot., 36, 203-223, 1982
[ 295 ] H. GREGER and Or HOFER
Accumulation of polyenoic acid piperideides, characteristic chemical trend of Achillea millefollium
It plants Med., 55, 216, 1989
[ 296 ] C. Banh-nhu, And Gacs-baitz, L. RADICS, J. TAMAS, K. UJSZASZI and G. Verzar-petri
Achillicin, the first proazulene from Achillea millefolium
Phytochemistry, 18, 331-332, 1979
[ 297 ] (a) A.J. FALK, L. BAUER, C.L. BELL and S.J. SMOLENSKI
The constituents of the essencial oil from Achillea millefolium
Lloydia, 37, 598-602, 1974
(b) M.Y. HAGGAG, A.S. SHALABY and G. Verzar-petri
Thin to layer and gas cromatographic studies on the essentia(a) - A.J. FALK, L. BAUER, C.L. BELL and S.J. SMOLENSKI
The const
[ 298 ] A.S. SHALABY and G. Verzar-petri
Cytological condictions and composition of essential oil of the Hungarian milefolii herba.
Plant. Med., 36, 291, 1979
[ 299 ] G. Verzar-petri, B.N. CUONG, J. TAMAS, L. RADICS and K. UJSZASZI
The main azulenogenous sesquiterpene lactons of Achillea millefolium L. ssp. collina ace compounds in the plant kingdom
It plants Med., 36, 273-274, 1979
[ 300 ] A.J. FALK, S.J. SMOLENSKI, L. BAUER and C.L. BEL
Isolation and identification of three new flavones from Achillea millefolium L.
J. Pharm. Sci., 64, 1838-1842, 1975.
[ 301 ] M.J. ALCARAZ and M.J. JIMÉNEZ
Flavonoids ace anti-inflammatory agents
Fitoterapia, 49, 25-38, 1988
[ 302 ] Ministère DES Social Affairs ET of l´Emploi
Spécialités pharmaceutiques à bases of you plant. Avis aux fabricants concernant you demand d´autorisation to them of South mise I marched to him.
Bulletin Officiel, fasc. nº 86/20 bis, aoút 1986.
[ 303 ] To PREITSCHOPF, B. MICHLER and C.G. ARNOLD
Achillea millefolium: occurrence, ploidal level, and proazulene variation.
It plants Med., 55, 596, 1989.
[ 304 ] K. VALANT
Charakteristische Flavonoidglykoside und verwandtschaftliche Bliederung der Gattung Achillea Naturwissenschaften, 65, 437-438, 1978
[ 305 ] Millefeuille, to dossier toxicologique. Travaux DES Laboratoires ARKOPHARMA
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Migraña
Dismenorrea
Dispepsias
Gastritis
Colon spasmodic irritable/Colitis
Disquinesias biliary
Hepática insufficiency
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