Lúpulo, "cone" of lúpulo; al.: Hopfen, Hopfenzapfen; ingl.: Hops
Feminine Inflorescencia
Herbaceous plant, vivaz, dioica, of voluble stems and lobuladas and acorazonadas opposite leaves tri or pentomic in the base. Lúpulo has feminine flowers bicarpeladas, with ovary to unilocular by abortion, grouped in cones or estróbilos. Masculine flowers in ramosos clusters in the armpit of the leaves.
Origin
This sort, spontaneous in you are contiguous and edges of the forests temperings of the North hemisphere, very is cultivated in Europe for the production of feminine inflorescencias, used in the manufacture of the beer. Generally, the masculine feet in the culture are eliminated.
Chemical composition
The oficinal drug is rich in mineral matters (mainly in potassium salts). Also it contains tannins, amines, pectinas, plans of histamina, 421 flavonoides [ ]. The components better known are the essential oil and the bitter substances.
• essential Oil. Its content can oscillate between the 0.3 and 1%. He is rich in acyclic hydrocarbons monoterpénicos (30% of ß-mirceno), monocyclical (limoneno, felandrenos) and bicyclical (pinenos), as well as in sesquiterpénicos hydrocarbons: a-humuleno (8 to 33%), ß-cariofileno, ß-selineno... Compounds oxygenated are represented by alcohol monoterpénicos (linalol, nerol, geraniol...) or alifáticos (ej.: 2-metil-3-buten-2-ol) whose content increases with time until arriving at 0.15% after two years of storage, and by aldehydes, ketones, 407.408 esters [ ].
• bitter Substances (15 to 30%). The main components are derived prenilados from floroglucinol: humulona, lupulona and its 409 derivatives [ ]. These compounds - that consist of a chain ceto-enólica- behave as acid and are very oxidables.
Farmacológicos data
Numerous works have allowed to need the reality some 410 activities traditionally attributed lúpulo [ ], specially the activities sedative, hipnótica, bactericidal and bacteriostática.
• Actions sedative and hipnótica. Like one has demonstrated that the etéreo extract diminishes the curiosity and the spontaneous activity in the mouse (Brave ET al., 1974), also it has demonstrated that the essential oil is sedative. 2-metil-3-buten-2-ol pure administered to mice, causes a deep narcosis and, in the rat, a noticeable diminution of the motilidad, 50%, when administering 408.411.412 a 206,5 dose of mg/Kg i.p. [ ], diminution that not must to a relajante effect.
• Actions bactericidal and bacteriostática. Ceto-enoles of the drug gram (-) and gram inhibit the development of bacteria (+). the activity varies in inverse function of the hidrosolubilidad (2.5 C.M.I. of µM/ml for n-butiro-lupufenona, of 11 µM/ml for humulona on B. subtilis), which allows to locate the activity to level of the lipófilos 413 membrane components [ ]. The organic extracts of lúpulo are in addition fungistáticos in vitro [ 414 ].
The attributed estrogénica activity to the drug by many authors has not been able to attribute to a component in special, in the studies made in the mouse uterus [ 415 ], reason why this activity seems because to respond to the resultant of sinergia between its different components.
Observations in the Man
The only tests made in the man were carried out with associations of 410 valeriana and lúpulo [ ], reason why a clear conclusion cannot be deduced. Although 2-metil-3-buten-2-ol never has been studied in the man, some authors affirm that this compound is an analog of metilpentinol commercialized like sedative. In addition, administered in rat to identical doses, both composed ] is active [ 412, which constitutes a departure point for 416 complementary studies [ ]. In the treatment of the tinea, very good results with organic extracts enriched with phenolic compounds have been obtained [ Kuroiwa, 1973, mentioned by Merouze, 422 ].
Use
Very little used in allopathy, the fitoterapia recognizes the drug tranquilizing and hipnóticas properties; it is used in form of tisane and baths. In the measurement in which 2-metil-3-buten-2-ol not always is in the galénicas preparations, he is preferable to use an infusion recien prepared [ 417 ] or the criomolturada drug.
The experimental datas on the acute toxicity are fragmentary. Ceto-enoles seems to be the most toxic compounds: 100 mg/kg of lupulona to per cause the death of 2/3 rats submissive the experiment [ 418 ]. On the other hand, lúpulo is known sometimes by the nervous problems observed in the workers of the beer factories [ 419 ]. Other authors speak of 420 hematológicas reactions [ ]. The pulverized drug lacks acute and subacute toxicity (3 g/kg and 300 mg/kg/día, rat, to per you) [ 423 ].
In Spain the use of this plant is authorized to stimulate the appetite in lack of appetite states. Symptomatic treatment of neurotónicos states of adults and children (nervousness, anxiety and insomnia).
The drug
The "cones" of lúpulo, of bitter and aromatic flavor, are constituted by inflorescencias of greenish yellow color and forms ovoidal (2-4 cm). They are formed by membranosas grudges that do not cover them totally. These grudges - brácteas and bracteolas- is made oval and translúcidas, and is crossed by fine nerviaciones. The regular brácteas, concaves and, cover to the bracteolas that are asymmetric (7-15 x 10-20 mm) folds on an edge, with aquenio in the base of folds. The brácteas and bracteolas have glands with oleorresina that appear in form of small grains of orange color red which they can separate easily: lupulino. To the microscope, the glands appear as a cut of fine cells that contain oleorresina retained by one cutícula made convex. The essential oil content of the drug is like minimum of a 0.3% (V/m); its composition is analyzed by gas chromatography.
Bibliography
[ 407 ] F.R. SHARPE and D.J.R. LAWS
Oil essential The of hops: to review
J. Inst. Brew., 87, 96-107, 1981
[ 408 ] R. HÄNSEL, R. WOHLFART and H. SCHMIDT
Nachweis to sedativ-hypnotisher Wirkstoffe im Hopfen. III Mitteilung; Der Gehalt von Hopfen und Hopfen-xubereitungen an 2-methyl-3buten-òl
It plants Med., 45, 224-228, 1982
[ 409 ] P. DELAVEAU Him Houblon
Act. pharm., (209), 33-34, 1984
[ 410 ] To PIENDL and G. SCHNEIDER
Uber die physiologischen Eigenschaften DES Hopfens
Brauwelt, 121, 600-608, 1981
[ 411 ] R. WOHLFART
Wirkstoff probleme DES Hopfens.
Z. für Phytother., 4, 222-225, 1983
[ 412 ] R. WOHLFART, R. HÄNSEL and H. SCHMIDT
Nachweis to sedativ-hypnotisher Wirkstoffe im Hopfen. IV Mitteilung: Die Pharmakologie DES Hopfen inhaltstoffes 2-Methyl 3-buten 2-ol
Plant med., 48, 120-123, 1983
[ 413 ] A.F. SCHMALRECK, M. TEUBER, W. REININGER and To HARTH
Natural Structural features determining the antibiotic potenties of and synthetic hop to bitter resins, to their precursors and derivatives.
Dog J. Microbiol., 21, 205-212. 1975
[ 414 ] M. ENGELSON, M. SOLBERG and E. KARMAS
Antimycotic properties of hop extract in reduced to water activity average
J. Food Science, 45, 1175-1178, 1980
[ 415 ] C. FENSELAU and P. TALALAY
Is oestrogenic activity present in hops?
Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol., 11, 597-603, 1973
[ 416 ] V.E. TYLER
Some recent advances in herbal medicine
International Pharmacy, (August), 203-207, 1986.
[ 417 ] R. WOHLFAT
Hopfen-Mite-Sedativum to oder Placebo?
Dtsch. Apoth. - Ztg., 123, 1637-1638, 1983
[ 418 ] R. HÄNSEL and H.H. WAGENER
Versuche sedativ-hypnotische Wirkstoffe im Hopfen nachzuweisen
Arzneim. - Forsch., 17, 79-81, 1967
[ 419 ] a.m.. DEBELMAS and DELAVEAU
Guide DES you plant dangereuses, 2ème ed., Maloine, Paris, 1983.
[ 420 ] P.M. RIDKER
Herbal Toxic effects of teas
File of Environmental Health, 42, 133-136, 1987.
[ 421 ] S. Song-saint, S. WANATABE and T. SATO
Chalcones from Humulus lupulus L.,
Phytochemistry, 28, 1776-1778, 1989.
[ 422 ] P. MEROUZE
Him Houblen, Humulus lupulus L., Plants médicinale méconnue, Doctoral Thesis in Pharmacy, (Diplôme d´Etat), Paris XI, 1984, [ blibliográfica compilation ].
[ 423 ] Lúpulo, toxicológico dossier of Laboratories ARKOPHARMA.
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Menopause
Dismenorrea
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