Herbaceous plant with rizoma simpodial, jengibre has envainantes leaves and grouped zigomorfas flowers in form of thick ears. Perianto, bicyclical and trímero, surrounds to a androceo reduced to single estambre fertile and "labelo" and a tricarpelado gineceo eusincarpo.
Origin
Its presence in spontaneous form is not known. Its origin is uncertain: China, India? [ 545 ]. It is cultivated abundantly in India, Malaysia, China, Mountain range Lioness, Nigeria and Australia. Once collected it is let dry to the air (not pela).
Chemical composition
The most abundant component is the starch (60%). The scent must to an essential oil and the flavor to a resin.
• essential Oil. Its composition has provoked numerous 546 works [ ]. Its content varies from 1 to 2.5%, having itself identified near a hundred of components. Most characteristic they are hydrocarbons, mainly sesquiterpénicos:
(-)-a-zingibereno, (-)-ß-sesquifelandreno and (+)-ar-curcumeno, in addition to ß-felandreno, ß-bisaboleno, canfeno, etc... The oxygenated compounds are mainly monoterpénicos aldehydes (geranial, neral) and alcohol. The composition varies much according to the origin [ 547 ]
• Resina. "the sharp" principles of rizoma are homologous compounds of general structure 1-(4´-hidroxi-3´-metoxi-fenil) -5-hidroxi - alcan-3-onas: gingeroles ([ 547 ] -, [ 548 ] -, [ 549 ] -, [ 550 ] -, [ 552 ] -, [ 554 ] - y[556]-gingeroles), n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 (or [ x]=(n+2) = the number of aldehyde carbons formed by retroaldolización). They appear accompanied by its biogenetic precursors (dehidrogingerdionas and gingerdionas), gingerdioles and its esters, plans of diarilheptanoides [ 548b ]. Sogaoles, dehydration products (A-4,5), are not in rizoma in fresh state.
Farmacológicos data
Their farmacológicas properties are pronounced at level of tracto gastro-intestinal:
Jengibre is colagogo, the acetónico extract (not the watery extract) increases the secretion biliary in rat (via i.p.). The division demonstrates that [ 550]-gingerol causes, to the 100 dose of mg/kg, the double of the secretion [ 550 ]. The oleorresina is hipocolesterolemiante in rat [ 551 ]. Also, she is hepatoprotectora, preventing the citotoxicidad with tetracloruro of carbon or the galactosamina in cultures of hepatocitos of rat: [ 552]-gingerol and [ 551 ] - and [ 552]-sogaoles is 552 the most active compounds [ ].
Administered in rat, it demonstrates to exert a antiulceroso effect: the acetónico extract (1 g/kg, to per you) and the zingibereno (100 mg/kg) significantly inhibit the induction of ulceraciones by 553 a etanólica hydrochlorate acid solution [ ]. In addition, an inhibiting effect has been shown on the gastric movement [ 556 ] and one proteolytic activity.
On the other hand, the drug inhibits the synthesis of 554 prostaglandins [ ] and 555 the plaquetaria aggregation [ ]. [ 550]-gingerol and [ 550]-sogaol are active on the S.N.C. (anticonvulsivantes, analgesic...); in addition they are hypotensile and bradicardizantes [ 556 ]. The antagoniza drug the deep emesis caused by quimioterápicos animal agents administered to fight the cancer caused experimentally.
Observations in the Man
In the treatment of I navigate kinetic in a study made according to a rigorous protocol front to placebo, demonstrates the utility of rizoma pulverized, in the prevention of the mareos caused by the 557 trips [ ]. The taking of 940 mg of drug pulverized, 20-25 minutes before the test (rotating chair), produces excellent results in the prevention of the gastrointestinales symptoms and nauseas.
Use
Jengibre is a spice very consumed: jengibre gray (coated), jengibre white (uncoated, scraped), jengibre prepared (preserved), in syrup, crystallized... Form leaves from the composition of drinks, sauces, desserts. The agro-alimentary industry uses the resinoide, obtained from rizoma, like perfuming. For a long time, he is enrolled in the Farmacopeas India and Chinese. It was introduced in aromatic "stimulating" Europe like and "estomáquico": Some farmacopeas conserve the use of the dye of jengibre. It is used to prevent nauseas caused by the trips and vomits induced by the chemotherapy.
In Spain the use of this plant for the difficult digestions is authorized. Lack of appetite. I am annoying. Protector of the gastric mucosa.
The drug
Rizoma, registered in several foreign farmacopeas, ramifica in a single plane. The external surface can gray, rough, be wrinkled longitudinally and be marked with ring or visible (jengibre gray) or smooth, yellow clear (jengibre white). Its cross section is revealed fibrous and granular. The microscope shows parénquima cortical amilífero with collateral cells of oleorresina and liberoleñosos beams.
Its importance in feeding has caused that is object of normalization tests [ 558 ]. In which it concerns to the analysis of the components, the classic study of its essential oil is made by means of C.G., whereas the one of the set of its components is made by means of 559 habitual the chromatographic techniques [ ].
Bibliography
[ 545 ] J.W. PURSEGLOVE, E.G. BROWN, C.L. GREEN and R.J. ROBBINS
[ 546 ] B.M. LAWRENCE Progress in essencial oils: Oil Ginger.
Perfume. Flavor., 13, (8-9), 69-75, 1988.
[ 547 ] Or EKUNDAYO, I. LAAKSO and R. HILTUNEN
Composition of to ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) volatile oils from Nigeria
Flavour and fragance Journal, 3, 85-90, 1988.
[ 548 ] (a) P. DENNIFF, I. MACLEOD and D.A. WHITING
Studies in the biosynthesis of [ 6]-gingerol, pungent principle of to ginger (Zingiber officinale).
J.C.S., Perkin I, 2637-2644, 1980; you go, ibid., 82-87, 1981
(B) D.J. HARVEY
Gas chromatographic and mass spect(a) - P. DENNIFF, I. MACLEOD and D.A. WHITING
Studies in the biosynthesis of [ 6]-gingerol, pungent principle of to ginger (Zingiber officinale).
J.
[ 549 ] J. YAMAHARA, K. MIKI, T. CHISAKA, T. SAWADA, H. FUJIMURA, T. TOMIMATSU, K. NAKANO and T. NOHARA
Cholagogic effect of to ginger and its activates constituents
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 13, 217-225, 1985.
[ 550 ] J. GIRI, T.K.S. DEVI and S. MEERARANI
Effect of to ginger on serum cholesterol levels.
Ind. J. Nutr. Diet., 21, 433-436, 1984.
[ 551 ] H. HIKINO, And KISO, N. KATO, And HAMADA, T. SHIOIRI, R. AIYAMA, H. ITOKAWA, F. KIUCHI and U. SANKAWA
Antihepatotoxic actions of gingerols and diarylheptanoids.
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 14, 31-39, 1985.
[ 552 ] J. YAMAHARA, M. MOCHIZUKI, H.Q. RONG, H. MATSUDA and H. FUJIRAMA
The anti-ulcer effect in rats of to ginger constituents
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 23, 299-304, 1988.
[ 553 ] F. KIUCHI, M. SHIBUYA and U. SANKAWA
Inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis from to ginger
Chem. Pharm. Bull., 30, 754-757, 1982.
[ 554 ] K.C. SRIVASTAVA
Isolation and effects of some to ginger components on platelet aggregation and eicosanoid biosynthesis.
Prontaglandins Leukotrienes and Medicine, 25, 187-198, 1986.
[ 555 ] (a) N. SHOJI, To IWASA, T. TAKEMOTO, And ISHIDA and And OHIZUMI
Cardiotonic principles of to ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe).
J. Pharm. Sci., 71, 1174-1175, 1982.
(b) M. SUEKAWA, To ISHIGE, K. YUASA, K. I SWEAT, M. ABURADA and E. HOSOYA.
Pharmacological st(a) - N. SHOJI, To IWASA, T. TAKEMOTO, And ISHIDA and And OHIZUMI
Cardiotonic principles of to ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe).
J. Pharm. Sci., 71, 1174-1175, 1982.
(b) - M. SUEKAWA, To ISHIGE, K.
[ 556 ] D.B. MOWREY and D.E. CLAYSON
Motion sickness, to ginger, and psychophysics
Lancet, 1, 655-657, 1982; to also see: To GRONTVED and E. HENTZER, Vertigo-reducing effect of to ginger root, to controlled clinical study. ORL, 48, 282-286, 1986. On the action espasmolítD.B. MOWREY and D.E. CLAYSON
Motion sickness, to ginger, and psychophysics
Lancet, 1, 655-657, 1982; to also see: To GRONTVED and E. HENTZER, Vertigo-reducing effect of to ginger root, to controll.
[ 557 ] V.S. GOVINDARAJAN
Ginger. Chemistry, technology and quality evaluation.
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