Black Grosellero; al.: Schwarze johannisbeeren; Ingl.: Blackcurrant.
Leaf and fruit
The leaves of this shrub have the scattered limb of yellow resinous glands in the inferior face. The inflorescencia is a cluster of pentámeras flowers with vellosos sépalos, curved, longer than the petals. The ínfero ovary, to unilocular, originates a violácea berry crowned by the rest of the chalice.
Origin
The Ribes sort is absent in nonMediterranean Africa and the Pacific. Ribes nigrum is spontaneous in the north and center of Europe and in northern Asia. In France (Burgundy) and several countries of central Europe it is cultivated by his nutritional fruits.
Chemical composition
It varies according to the considered organ:
• Leaf. It contains amino acids, ascórbico acid, acids fenoles (derived benzoic and cinámicos); 0,02% of essential oil mainly constituted by 766 alifáticos and arénicos derivatives oxygenated [ ]; proantocianidoles and flavonoides: rutósido, hiperósido, isoquercitrósido, 3-glucosil kenferol, 3-galactosil miricetol [ 767a ], sakuranetina [ 767b ], astragalina, glucoxilósidos of kenferol and quercetol [ 767c ].
• Fruit. Rico in bears (10-14%), organic acids (citric, málico..), minerals (potassium) and ascórbico acid, contains numerous polifenólicos derivatives: flavonoides (rutósido, derived glucosilados in 3 from miricetol and kenferol, isoquercitrósido, quercitrósido... [ 768 ] and antocianósidos (glucósidos and ramnoglucósidos in 3 of cianidol and delfinidol). The seeds constitute an interesting g-linolénico acid source [ 780 ].
• Brote. The essential oil very has been studied [ 770 ]: several phenotypes have been described and exist remarkable differences between the 771 varieties [ ]. The flavonoides, that also are in the buds, defer little from those of the leaves and the fruits: rutósido, glucósidos of quercetol and isorramnetol, 3-glucosil and 772 3-ramnoglucosil miricetol [ ].
Farmacológicos data
The tradition attributes to the leaves hypotensile properties. These have been demonstrated experimentally with high doses administered in cat [ 773 ] and they have confirmed in rat normotensa, anestesiada: the infusion of 20 g/l (360 mg/kg, i.v.) [ 774 diminishes until 45 % the initial arterial pressure ]. The division of the extracts allows to attribute this activity to the total flavonoides that, on the other hand, increase the flow coronary and inhibit the biosynthesis of the prostaglandins (heart of alive ex- rabbit) [ 767a ]. The salidiurético effect observed in rat [ 773 ] has not been in other 774 experimental conditions [ ].
A hidroalcohólico extract of the leaves reduces edema by carragenatos, in rat by oral route [ 769 ].
The antocianósidos ones of the fruit confer angioprotectoras properties to him: they diminish the permeability of the capillaries and increase his resistance. The external part of the fruit is espasmolítica (íleon isolated of coberry) and 779 antidiarreica [ ].
The degradation enzyme inhibition (colagenasa [ 775 ], elastasa [ 776 ], peroxidasas, etc.) by the antocianósidos and certain flavonoides it could, according to some authors, to justify the antiinflammatory action attributed to the leaves and to the buds.
Observations in the Man
Many studies have not been made in the man. Nevertheless a randomizado test demonstrated the effectiveness of the antocianósidos ones of the fruits. These associate to an extract of Ruscus are revealed significantly active in the functional upheavals related to the venous insufficiency (pain, edema...) and on the conjuntival microcirculation explored by 777 conjuntival capilarografía [ ]. Other observations demonstrate the interest of the antocianósidos ones in proctología, flebología and gynecology, as well as for the improvement of the visual sharpness.
Use
The activities traditionally attributed to the grosellero leaf, take to use this leaf in preparations of fitoterapia (infusions, criomolido dust, extracts) proposals to favor the renal water elimination and to deal with the symptoms the manifestations you will articulate painful minors. The pulverized drug lacks toxicity [ 781 ]. Traditionally the fruits for the treatment of the manifestations of the venous insufficiency and for the upheavals related to the cutaneous hair fragility have been investigated. The antocianósidos ones have the own indications of this type of polifenoles: retinal treatment of the symptoms of capilarosis of diverse etiologías, upheavals vasculares and of venous insufficiency. Also the glicerinado macerated one of the buds is used.
In Spain the use of this plant for the treatment of manifestations is authorized you will articulate painful. Reumatismo, drop and like diurético.
The drug
The leaf is peciolada. The limb, with 3-5 triangular lobes, presents/displays the dentated edges. The inferior face, paler than the superior face, is vellosa and cover of resinous points corresponding to the secretory glands. The nerviaciones, of brown color, very are marked. The microscopic examination of the pulverized drug sample fragments of epidermis with cutícula fluted and tectores hairs in form of comma and warty wall. They are possible to be studied antocianósidos of the fruits by classic methods and DCCC (Chromatography of current drop in con) [ 778 ].
Bibliography
[ 765 ] D.A. WEBB
Grossulariaceae. In: Flora Europaea. T.G. TUTIN, V.H. HEYWOOD, N.A. BURGES, D.M. MOORE, D.H. VALENTINE, S.M. the WALTERS and D.A. WEBB, edit., Cambridge, University Press, vol. 1, p. 382-383, 1964.
[ 766 ] M. RIITA, K. Julkunen-tiito, M.J. KIRSI and T.K. RIMPILÄINEN
Methods of analysis and the herbal aroma composition of some species of teas.
Lebensm.-Wiss. or - Technol., 21, 36-40, 1988; to also see:
J. ANDERSSON, R. BOSVIK and E. VON SYDOW
The composition of the essential oil of blackcurrant leaves (Ribes nigrum L.)
J. Sci. Food. Agric., 14, 834-840, 1963.
[ 767 ] (a) - P.H. CHANH, N. IFANSYAH, R.CHAHINE, To Mounayar-chalfoun, J. GLEYE and C. MOULIS. Total Comparative effects of flavonoids extracted from Ribes nigrum leaves, rutin and isoquercitrin on biosynthesis and release of prostaglandins in the ex- alive Rabbit heart.
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Medicine, 22, 295-300, 1996; to also see:
N. IFANSYAH, Recherches phytochimiques ET pharmacologiques South them principes actifs of végétaux utilisés comme antihypertenseurs in médecine traditionnelle, Doctoral Thesis of the third Cycle of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toulouse 1982.
(b) - P. ATKINSON and J.P. BLAKEMAN. Antimicrobial Seasonal occurrence of an flavanone, sakuranetin, associated with glands on leaves of Ribes nigrum.
New Phytol., 92, 63-74, 1982.
(c) - Or LODESTONE, J. MALINOWSKI and H. STRZELECKA. Flavonoids compounds in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) leaves
Flavonoid glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid esters of blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum).
Z. Lebensm. Unters.-Forsch., 164, 263-268, 1977; to also see: J. HIM LOUS, ET al., Ann. Pharm. Fr., 33, 393-399, 1989.
[ 769 ] C. DECLUME
Anti-inflammatory evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract of blackcurrant leaves (Ribes nigrum)
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 27, 91-98, 1989.
[ 770 ] B.M. LAWRENCE
Progress in essential oils: blackcurrant bud oil
Perfume. Flavor., 12 (10-11), 54-58, 1987.
[ 771 ] M.F. KERSLAKE and R. C. MENARY.
Varietal differences of extracts from blackcurrant buds (Ribes nigrum L.)
J. Sci. Food Agric., 36, 343-351, 1985.
[ 772 ] Or ROLLAND, A.M. BINSARD and J. RAYNAUD
Them hétérosides flavoniques DES bourgeons of Ribes nigrum
Plant Méd. Phytothér., 11, 222-229, 1977.
[ 773 ] And Racz-kotilla and G. RACZ
Salidiuretische und hypotensive Wirkung der Auszüge von Ribes Blättem
It plants Med., 32, 110-114, 1977.
[ 774 ] B. LASSERRE, R. KAISER, P.H. CHANH, N. IFANSYAH, J. GLEYE and C. MOULIS
Effects on rats of aqueous extracts of plants used in folk medicine ace antihypertensive agents
Naturwissenschaften, 70, 95-96, 1983.
[ 775 ] M. JONADET, M.T. MEUNIER, F. VILLIE, J. and P. BASTIDE
Inhibition of collagénase even them extraits of Ribes nigrum ET of Cupressus sempervirens
J. Pharmacol, 16, 581, 1985.
[ 776 ] M. JONADET, M.T. MEUNIER, F. VILLIE, J. and P. BASTIDE, and J.L. LAMAISON
Flavonoïdes extraits of Ribes nigrum L. ET d'Alchemilla vulgaris L.
J. Pharmacol., 17, 21-27, 1986.
[ 777 ] R. QUESTEL and P. WALRANT
Bilan of l´'essai randomisé Veinobiasé contre placebo dans l'insuffisance veineuse: observation of microcirculation even capillarographie conjonctivale
Gaz. Méd.Fr., 90, 508-514, 1983.
[ 778 ] G.W. FRANCIS and O.M. ANDERSEN
Droplet counter-current chromatography of anthocyanins
J. Chromatogr., (283), 445-448, 1984
[ 779 ] G. KYEREMATEN and F. SANDBERG
Pharmacological Preliminary studies of Pecarin, to new preparation from Ribes nigrum fruits
Act Pharm., Suec., 23, 101-106, 1986.
[ 780 ] H. TRAITIER, H.J. WILLE and To STUDER
Oil Fractionation of blackcurrants seed
J. A.m. Oil Chem. Soc., 65, 755-760, 1988.
[ 781 ] black Grosellero, toxicológico dossier of Arkopharma Laboratories
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Inflammation
Artrosis
Arthritis
Muscular cramps
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