Tree of the forty shields; allem.: Mädchen to haar baum; ingl.: they maiden to hair tree.
Leaf
Tree sacred of East, ginkgo (or better, gin-kyo) is dioico: masculine reproductive apparatus reduced to a polínico coat, peculiar feminine reproductive apparatus that, after the fertilization by the spermatozoa (zoidogamia) gives to an ovum of drupácea consistency and disagreeable scent. The leaves, in fan form, of green brilliant, are inserted in peciolos lengths that leave a case to foliar in the stem, have abundant nerviación.
Origin
Ginkgo is the last representative of a class of plants that comprised of the flora in mesozoicos times. Cultivated during centuries in the temples of the distant east, also one is in other countries like ornamental tree in parks and avenues. In his country of origin it reaches a height of 30-40 meters and their branches form a wide glass. The Ginkgoales, disappeared after the superior Pliocene, only subsists the G. she-wolf. The species is cultivated, for the pharmaceutical industry in Korea, Japan and in the southwest of France.
Chemical composition
They have been identified numerous composed in the leaf: bears, alcohol, and fatty acids, polioles, esteroles, sequiterpenos, 240 6-hidroxi-kinurénico acid [ ].
The compounds equipped with farmacológica activity are terpenos and polifenoles.
•Terpenos. They are had isolated in addition to a sesquiterpeno (bilobalido), diterpenos biogenetically coming from a pimaradienil cation: ginkgólidos To, b, c, 241 ms [ ], J[242 ]. These molecules have a very particular structure: 3 lactónicos cycles and a tetrahidrofuránico nucleus together with I breathe nonano sustituído by a t-butyl, this structure delimits with a cavity of strong electronic density.
•Polifenoles. They are coverall flavonoides. Biflavonas 3'8: bilobetol and its derivative metoxilado in 5', ginkgetol, esciadopitisina, amentoflavona [ 243 ]. Glucoramnósidos in 3 of flavonoles: kenferol, isorramnetol, siringetol [ 244 ], 7-glucosil kenferol and 3-glucosil quercetol. The presence of glucorramnósidos in 3 of quercetol and of krenferol esterificados in 6"(ej.: on the glucose) by cumárico acid is also observed (= p-hidroxi (triósidos 245 E)-cina'mico) [ ] and by. The acetónico extract also contains proantocianidoles: flavonólicos oligómeros that to danlugar to delfinidol and cianidol.
Farmacológicos data
The experimentation animal demonstrates, in preparations enriched in flavonoides, an activity at all the levels of the circulatory system [ 223.247 ].
Vasodilator action at arterial level (action on smooth the muscular fiber), increase of the venous tone, diminution of the hair permeability, increase of the cerebral irrigation, demonstrated on different models from isquemias, experimental cerebral hypoxias and edemas. The effects pronounce so much on the alterations vasculares as on their neurological consequences and of behavior.
Ginkgo increases the glucose content and in A.T.P. of the nervous weave, it increases the tolerance to the hypoxia. Receivers of free radicals, polifenoles of the G. she-wolf inhibit the lipídica peroxidation of 247 membranes [ ], This also has demonstrated in rat retina [ 248 ]. Also ginkgo inhibits the plaquetaria aggregation [ 247 ], stimulates the prostaciclina liberation.
The ginkgólido B is an inhibitor of the PAF-acéter, implied intercellular fosfolipídico mediator in the plaquetaria aggregation, the formation of trombos, the initial processes of the aterogénesis, the hair hyperpermeability [ 241 ]. These properties contemplate interesting clinical perspective for this type of molecules, particularly like helping in therapeutic the antiasthmatic ones.
Observations in the Man
Several tens of clinical tests have been published (most made double blind person) [ 246.247 ]. By means of these studies the activity of ginkgo has been demonstrated to cerebral and peripheral level. Of them, its capacity can be stood out to produce a protective effect front to the hypoxia [ 249 ], significant increase of the watch in people with deficient conduct (in prolonged greater treatment) [ 250 ], improvement of the memory, improves of the functional upheavals (migraines, vertigos...) and of behavior (short term memory, instability of humor, watch...) in case of 251.252 cerebral vascular insufficiency [ ].
Use
The chronic toxicity of the extract is null: any biological or histológica modification is not observed in rat after prolonged administration (30 to 60 mg/kg/día, to per you). The D.L.50 (mouse, i.p.) g/kg is of 1.65. The observed indirect effect in the man are very little: smaller digestive upheavals. Extracts criomolturados for the treatment of the symptoms related to the cerebral vascular insufficiency, trastronos are used at the moment of the behavior of the senectud (humor, memory...), peripheral upheavals vasculares of the microcirculation, syndromes of vertigo; also it is prescribed in case of veno-lymphatic insufficiency and proctología.
In Spain the use of this plant for the peripheral upheavals is authorized vasculares (flebitis, hemorroides and varices). Upheavals of the behavior in old. Cerebral deficiencies of organic etiología. Vertigos.
The drug
The leaf of ginkgo is polimorfa: it can very be divided, bilobed or it almost finds out. Peciolo consists of two conductive weave beams that are also divided in the superior part of this one and in the limb according to a dichotomizing way, giving to this drug a estríado aspect (on the two faces) very characteristic. The analytical study of the standardized extracts has been made by H.P.L.C.
Bibliography
[ 240 ] C.G. NASR
Etude chimique of substances original du Ginkgo she-wolf L. (Ginkgoacées). Dérivés flavoniques (hétérosides-esters) ET quinoléiques carboxyliques. Essais pharmacologiques préliminaires.
Thèse de Doctorat of l'Université, mention Sciences, Université Lois Pasteur, Strasbourg, 1987.
[ 241 ] P. BRAQUET
The ginkgolides: potent platelet-activating factor antagonists isolated from Ginkgo she-wolf L.: chemistry, pharmacology and clinical applications
Drugs of the future, 12, 643-699, 1987.
[ 242 ] K. WEINGES, M. HEPP and H. JAGGY
Isolierung und Stukturaufklärung eines neuen Ginkgolids
Liebigs Ann. Chem., 521-526, 1987.
[ 243 ] M. JOLY, M. Haag-berurier and R. ANTON
5'-méthoxybilobétine, unites biflavone extraite du Ginkgo she-wolf L.
Phytochemistry, 19, 1999-2002, 1980.
[ 244 ] C. VICTOIRE, M. Haag-berrurier, To Lobstein-guth, J.P. BALZ and R. ANTON
Isolation of flavonol glycosides from Ginkgo she-wolf leaves.
It plants Med., 54, 245-247, 1988.
[ 245 ] C. NASR, To Lobstein-guth, M. Haag-berrurier and R. ANTON
Quercetin coumaroyl glucorhamnoside from Ginkgo she-wolf
Phytochemistry, 26, 2869-2870, 1987.
[ 223 ] J. TOTTE and A.J. VLIETINCK
Produits phytothérapeutiques ET système cardiovasculaire
J. Pharm. Belg., 41, 330-361, 1983.
[ 246 ] H. SCHILCHER
Ginkgo she-wolf L. Untersuchungen zur Qualität, Wirkung, Wirsamkeit und Unbedenlichkeit
Z. für Phytother., 9, 119-127, 1988.
[ 247 ] For different aspects of the pharmacology and the clinic of these extracts, to see several articles compiled in a special number of the Presse Médicale.
Presse Méd., 15, (31), 1986.
[ 248 ] M. DOLY, P.BRAQUET, M.T. DROY, B.BONHOMME and J.C. VENNAT
Effects DES radicaux free the south l'activité électrophysiologique of retine isolée of Rat.
J. Fr. Ophtalmol., 8, 273-277, 1985.
[ 249 ] K. SCHAFFLER and P.W. REEH
Doppelblindie zur hypoxieprotektiven Wirkung eines standardisierten Ginkgo biloba-Präparates nach Mehrfachverabreichung an gesunden Probanden
Arzneim.-Forsch., 35, 1283-1286, 1985.
[ 250 ] B. GEBNER, To VOELP and M. KLASSER
Study of the long-term action of to Ginkgo she-wolf extract on vigilance and mental performance ace determined by means of quantitative pharmaco-EEG and psychometric measurements.
Arzneim-Forsch., 35, 1459-1465, 1985.
[ 251 ] F. ECKMANN and H. SCHLAG
Kontrollierte Doppelblind-Studie zum Wirksamkeittsnachweis von Tebonin' forte bei Partienten mit to zerebrovaskulärer Insuffizienz Fortsch. Med., 100, 1474-1478, 1982.
[ 252 ] G. VORBERG
Ginkgo she-wolf extract (GBE): to long - term study of chronic cerebral insufficiency in geriatric patients Clinical trials J. 22, 149-156, 1985.
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Cerebral circulatory insufficiency
Diabetes noninsulino employee
Venous Iinsuficiencia
Artrosis
Arthritis
Muscular cramps
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