Fumaria, Palomilla, Blood of Christ, Zapatitos of the boy Jesus; al.: Erdrauch; ingl: Fumitory.
Flowery aerial part
The species of the Fumaria sort are annual herbaceous plants of leaves finely divided, silículas indehiscentes and clusters of zigomorfas flowers: 2 caducos petaloides sépalos, 4 pétados divided in two cycles, the superior petal of the external cycle are voluminous and finish in a more or less curved spur.
Origin
The sort is common in the North, safe hemisphere in the northern zones. The two 532 subspecies [ ] of F. officinalis (ssp. officinalis Sell and ssp. wirtgenii (Koch) Arcangeli and the rest of the indigenous species are species that invade the cultures.
Chemical composition
Numerous studies have been devoted to this sort due to the importance of their alkaloids. In 1986, 95 compound of this type in 17 533 species were described [ ]. The nonalcaloídicos compounds less are known: hexacosan-1-ol (= cerílico alcohol), acids of the cycle of Krebs (acid E-butendióico or fumárico acid), 534 acids fenoles [ ] and 535 flavonoides [ ].
• Alkaloids: In the indigenous species, the content can oscillate between 0.15 and 0,30%. Its 533 distribution has been and very is studied [ ], so is so exists a revision dedicated to its 536 study [ ], in addition, are continued making studies with this 537 sort [ ]. The F. officinalis contains more than twenty alkaloids, all coming from the metabolism of aromatic amino acids: protoberberinas ((-)-canadina), espirobencilisoquinoleínas (fumaricina, fumarilina, etc.) indenobenzacepinas (fumaritridina), abenzofenantridina and protopinas: protopina, criptopina. The protopina, majority alkaloid of F. officinalis, is in all the studied species, with exception of F. microcarp (Hausskn) Pugsley. Some authors recognize the 536 presence of ftalida- and secoftalida-tetrahidroisoquinoleínas [ ], nevertheless others does not do [ 533 ].
Farmacológicos data
The experimentation animal verifies the coleréticas properties traditionally attributed to this drug and ratifies its "anfocolerética" action: the fumaria does not exert effect some in rat when the biliary secretion is normal, nevertheless increases it when it is below the normal values and is against to a possible increase of its 538 flow [ ]. The increase of the coleresis accompanies by a modification by the biliary composition [ 539 ]. The fumaria exerts an important paper on the biliary litiasis caused experimentally in rat.
The acid alcohol also has an important paper in this activity. Also, it has a espasmolítica action, specially on the sphincter of Oddi [ 540 ]; the protopina is the person in charge of this activity exerted on the smooth musculatura, as they demonstrate to several studies made in experimentation animals [ to it 541 well ].
The protopina also is well-known by its, bactericidal and sedative antihistamine, bradicardizantes, hypotensile properties [ 536 ]. ] increases to the fixation of the GABA in membrane the sinápticos receivers of the brain [ 27.
Observations in the Man
The tests made in the man are relatively numerous, but the majority is quite old. The biological balance and the evaluation of the clinical state show a favorable evolution of the general signs associated the hepáticas disfunciones (anorexy, asthenia) and migrañas. The fumaria is also interesting for the regulation from the chronic intestinal upheavals from biliary origin (estreñimento, diarrea or alternancia of both) [ 542 ]. In a test as opposed to placebo it is observed a significant effectiveness with a percentage of success superior to 70% and absence of 543 indirect effect [ ]. All the published observations confirm the interest of the drug in biliary case of dispepsias and disquinesias, litiasis, indirect effect related to the taking of psicotropos, etc...
Use
As much the drug as their preparations comprises of the composition of propose specialties of "colerética fitoterapia" in the symptomatic treatment of dispépticos upheavals, particularly with functional pains digestive origin: epigástrico hichamiento, slow digestion, aerophagia, flatulencias, nauseas. Apparently, the drug lacks toxicity, have not registered medicamentosas interactions nor indirect effect, adapting perfectly to the pharmaceutical advice. The conducted tests of acute and subacute toxicity in rat, to per, show to you that the criomolido dust lacks 544 poisonous effects [ ].
In Spain the use of this plant for the hepato-biliary upheavals is authorized (bad digestions, migrañas digestive). Purifying.
The drug
Fumaria officinalis has grayish leaves green very divided bi or tripennatisectas with segments lineares. The inflorescencia presents/displays brácteas shorter than pedicelo. The flowers, of violáceo pink color appear in lax clusters, with the lanceolados sépalos, indented and petals of which the superior one finishes in a spur and a espatulado inferior petal and that is high and mighty in the end. Estambres is welded in two groups by filaments. Silícula is ovoid and presents/displays a small depression in the end. The number of flowers by inflorescencia (> 20 or 10-20) and the size of the sépalos (2,5-3,5 or < 2 mm) allow to the distinction of the two subspecies officinalis and wirtgenii. The size of the sépalos and the form of silícula are the main criteria of distinction between these species.
Bibliography
[ 532 ] P.D. SELL, Fumaria. In: FLora Europaea, T.G. TUTIN, V.H. HEYWOOD, N.A. BURGES, D.H. VALENTINE, S.M. the WALTERS and D.A. WEBB, éds., Cambridge, University Press, vol. 1, p. 255-258, 1964; to also see: you go, Feddes Repert, 68, 1963.
[ 533 ] P. FORGACS, To JEHANNO, J. PROVOST, R. TIBERGHIEN and To TOUCHE
Alkaloids DES Papavéracées II: Composition chimique of DIX-sept espèces of Fumaria
Pl. Méd. ET Phytother., 20, 64-81, 1986; to also see: P. FORGACS ET al., ibid., 16, 99-115, 1982.
[ 534 ] P. DELAVEAU Fumeterre
Act. Pharm., (172), 33-34, 1980.
[ 535 ] M. TORCK, M. PINKAS and L. Bezanger-beauquesne
Them hétérosides flavoniques of the Fumeterre.
Ann. Pharm. Fr., 29, 591-595, 1971.
[ 536 ] V. PREININGER
Chemotaxonomy of Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae. In: The alkaloids, Chemistry and Pharmacology, To BROSSI, éd., London, Academic Press, 29, p. 11-98, 1986.
[ 537 ] K.W. BENTLEY
b-phenethylamines and the isoquinoline alkaloids
Natural products Reports, 3, 156-169, 1986.
[ 538 ] J. GIROUX, M. BOUCARD, I. BEAULATONE
Them modificateurs of cholérèse. Doit-on to parler d'amphocholérétique?
Thérapie, 21, 889-902, 1966.
[ 539 ] M. REYNIER, And LAGRANGE, J. HARING and M. VIGOUROUX
Effet du nébulisat of fumeterre, protopine ET of South papavérine sécrétion biliaire du Rat in hypocholérèse
Trav. Soc. Pharm. Montpellier, 37, 73-84, 1977; to also see: M. REYNIER ET to, ibid.M. REYNIER, E.
[ 540 ] And LAGRANGE and M. AUROUSSEAU
Effet du nébulisat of South fumeterre lithiase vésiculaire expérimentale chez souris
Ann. Pharm. Fr., 31, 357-362, 1973.
[ 541 ] L. ÜSTÜNES, G.M. LAEKEMAN, B. GÖZLER, A.J. VLIETINCK, To ÖZER and A.G. HERMAN
In vitro study of the anticholinergic and antihistaminic activities of protopine and some derivatives
J. Nat. Prod., 51, 1021-1022, 1988; to also see: S.H. HILLAL, E.A. ABOUTABL, l. ÜSTÜNES, G.M. LAEKEMAN, B. GÖZLER, A.J. VLIETINCK, To ÖZER and A.G. HERMAN
In vitro study of the anticholinergic and antihistaminic activities of protopine and some derivatives
J. Nat. Pro.
[ 27 ] J. KARDOS, G. BLASKO ET M. SIMONYI.
Receiving Enhancement of g-aminobutyric acid binding by protopine type alkaloids.
Arzneim-Forsch., 36, 939-940, 1986.
[ 542 ] M. ROUX
Him nébulisat of fumeterre dans régulation DES troubles intestinaux chroniques d'origine biliaire
Gazette Médicale de France, 84, 3794-3798, 1977.
[ 543 ] M. ZACHAREWICZ, W. CHORAZY, S. MOSSOR and M. ZACHAREWICZ Jr.
Fumaria Nebulisat in der Behandlung von Gallenwergerkrankungen
Wiener Med. Wschr., 129, 221-224, 1979.
[ 544 ] Fumaria, toxicológico dossier of Laboratories ARKOPHARMA.
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Disquinesias biliary
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