Equinácea; German: Sonnenhut; English: Cone to flower
Root
The plants that belong to this sort are robust, with leaves lanceoladas, whole and covers of hairs (And angustifolia, And pallida) or oval, indented and almost glabras (And purpurea). The inflorescencia is a great violet, red chapter whose folded peripheral flowers present/display lígulas, or almost white (And pallida).
Origin
This sort is common in the prairies of the central and Eastern part of North America: from Texas to Georgia, Nebraska to Pensilvania. It is cultivated frequently in gardens. Its time of flowering begins in June and finishes in September.
Chemical composition
In addition to composed nonspecific (inulina, fatty acids, esteroles, rutósido, etc...), the roots of And Angustifolia contain essential oil, pirrolizidínicos, acid alkaloids fenoles free and esterificados, also present in And Pallida (609 leafy stems) [ ]: caféico acid, acid clorogénico, cinarina, esters of tartárico acid: esters monkey and dicaféicos (= acid 3,4-dihidroxicinámico), esters monkey and diferúlicos (= acid 3-metoxi 4-hidroxi cinámico) [ 610.611 ] and osídicos esters of caféico acid (equinacósido and to verbascósido(éster diosídico [ 609.610 ]). The biological activity partly is related to a fraction lipófila [ 612 ] and, on the other hand, to the presence of polisacáridos inmunoestimulantes.
Alifáticos compounds of long chain:
·Insaturadas ketones, by ejemplo:(8Z)-pentadeca-8-in-2-ona, (8Z)-tetradeca-8-in-11,13-dii'n-2-ona, pentadecatrienonas...) characteristic of And Pallida and that very quickly degrade during their 611.613 storage [ ].
·Amides of isobutilamina and fatty acids very insaturados: acids (È, Ê, 8Z, 10 (and or Z)-dodeca-2,4,8,10-tetraenoicos, acid (7Z)-tredeca-2,7-dien-10,12-diinoico È-, etc. Majority in And 614.615 Angustifolia [ ].
·Polisacáridos: 72 Angustifolia And presents [ ], has been made its structural study in the species And Purpurea, plants [ 61ã ] and cellular cultures [ 616b ].
Farmacológicos data
Diverse investigations have dedicated to the study of this drug [ 617 ] that considers like inmunoestimulante [ 618 ], that is to say, able to stimulate the defenses of the organism at different levels, also speech of parainmunidad inducers.
The tests of explanation of carbon or granulocitos demonstrate that the polisacáridos ones are the people in charge of this activity observed in vitro [ 72 ]. ] activates of important form the 619 macrophages [, stimulating their fagocitario power, increasing their citoxicidad and activating the secretion of interleuquina I. Actu'an weakly at level of lymphocytes B. No polisacáridos by means of cellular culture act on produced lymphocytes T. the use of demonstrate that one of them induces the secretion of TNF (tumor necrosis factor) on the part of the macrophages [ 616b ].
On the other hand, it has been stated that the isobutilamida one of dodecatetraenoico acid is a powerful inhibitor of lipoxigenasa [ 620 ] and that some caféicos esters (ej.: equinacósido) show 610 to antiviral properties [ ].
Observations in the Man
Its inmunoestimulante activity in different affections due to a diminution or immune deficiency has demonstrated by means of 623 clinical tests [ ]. The development of this drug needs a better knowledge the active principles responsible for its action and the mechanisms implied in the same one. The effectiveness of the treatment depends on numerous factors as they are the duration of the same one, the route of administration and the initial immune state of the 612 patient [ ]. The drug seems to lack toxicity and it does not cause indirect effect.
Use
The equinácea and other drugs susceptible to stimulate the nonspecific mechanisms of defense, are used in the countries of germanic culture, in where they consider it as a possible alternative to the chemotherapy and takes it like prevention from infectious states. The preparations with equinácea, are indicated like helping of the farmacológico treatment of the slight infections or in the prophylaxis of infections in risk patients. To the transitory being the stimulation of the immune system, recommends its use in short at intervals regular periods and.
In Spain one authorizes the use of this plant in the prophylaxis and treatment of patients with risk of slight colds to moderately severe, influenza and other infectious processes of the respiratory apparatus.
Precautions
not to administer to smaller children of two years. The dosage for the children is of 1 capsule by each 10 kg of weight and day.
The drug
The root forms a regular cylinder (10-20 x 0,5-1 cm), slightly fastened with rings and marked with scars in form of "V". The scent is weak and the flavor, in the beginning sweet, immediately becomes pungent and strong. Examined the microscope, the root shows parénquima cortical cellulose that contains small groupings of extended esclerificadas cells and a central cylinder in the peripheral part in which it crystallizes the inulina. During long time considered like two varieties of a single species, And pallida angustifolia and E. they are two totally different species as much cariológicamente as morphologically and anatomically [ 1ä ]. The analyses by means of C.C.F. and H.P.L.C. of the metanólicos extracts by the roots, also allow to differentiate them [ clearly 609,622b ].
Bibliography
[ 609 ] R. BAUER, P. REMIGER and H. WAGNER
Vergleichende DC - und HPLC - Analyse der Herba-Drogen von
Purpurea Echinacea, And Pallida und And Angustifolia
Dtsch. Apoth-Ztg., 28, 174-180, 1988.
[ 610 ] To CHEMINAT, R. ZAWATZKY, H. BECKER and R. BROUI
LLARD
Caffeoyl conjugates from Echinacea species: structures and
biological activity
Phytochemistry, 27, 2787-2794, 1988.
[ 611 ] R. BAUER, I.A. KHAN, J. PUHLMANN and H. WAGNER
TLC and HPLC analysis of pallida Echinacea and And Angustifolia
Roots
It plants Med., 54, 426-430, 1988; to also see: H. SOICKE, G.
To - HASSAN and K. GÖRLER, Weitere Kaffeesäure derivate aus
Purpurea Echinacea, Plant Med. 54,175-176, 1988.
[ 612 ] R. BAUER, K. JURCIC, J. PUHLMANN and H.WAGNER
In-alive Immunologische und In-vitro-Untersuchungen mit Echi-
they nacea-Extrakten
Arzneim. - Forsch., 38, 276-281, 1988.
[ 613 ] R.BAUER, I.A. KHAN, W. WRAY and H. WAGNER
Two acetylenic compounds from pallida Echinacea Roots
Phytochemistry, 26, 1198-1200, 1987.
[ 614 ] R. BAUER, P. REMIGER and H. WAGNER
Alkamides from the broken of Echinacea angustifolia
Phytochemistry, 28, 505-508, 1989.
[ 615 ] R. BAUER, I. KHAN and H. WAGNER
Echinacea-Drogen. Standardisierung mittels HPLC und DC
Dtsch. Apoth-Ztg., 126, 1065-1070, 1986.
[ 72 ] H. WAGNER, To PROKSCH, I. Reiss-maurer, To VOLLMAR, S. ODENTHAL, H. STUPPNER, K. JURCIC, M. HIM TURDU and J.N. FANG.
Immunstimulierend wirkende Polysaccharide (Heteroglycane) U.S. höheren Pflanzen.
Arzneim.-Forsch, 35, 1069-1075, 1985.
[ 616 ] (a) To PROKSCH and H. WAGNER
Structural analysis of to 4-0.methyl-glucuronoarabinoxylan
With immuno-stimulating activity from purpurea Echinacea
Phytochemistry, 26, 1989-1993, 1987.
(b) H. WAGNER, H. STUPPNER, W. SCHÄFER and M. ZENK
Immunologically activates polysaccharides of purpurea Echinacea
cell cultures
Phytochemistry, 27, 119-126, 1988.
[ 617 ] R. BAUER and H. WAGNER
Echinacea- Der Sonnenhut-Stand der Forschung
Z. für Phytother., 9, 151-159, 1988; erratum: ibíd., 191-192.
[ 618 ] H. WAGNER and To PROKSCH, immunostimulatory drugs of
fungi and to higher plants. In: Medicinal Economic and plant re-
search, H. WAGNER, H. HIKINO and N. R. FARNSWORTH, ed.,
London, Academic Press, 1, p. 113-153, 1985; to also see H.
WAGNER, Immunostimulants from to higher plants (recent advan-
ces) In: Biologically activates natural products, K. Hostett-
MANN and P.J. READ, ed. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 127-141, 1987.
[ 619 ] M. STIMPEL, To PROKSCH, H. WAGNER and mililiter Loh-
Mann-mathes
Macrofage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by
purifed polysaccharide fractions from the plant purpurea Echinacea
Infect Immun., 46, 845-849, 1984.
[ 620 ] W. BREU, Thesis (Munich), mentioned by H. WAGNER
Potential for Search new plant constituents with antiphlogistic
and antiallergic activity.
It plants Med., 55, 235-241, 1989.
[ 621 ] H. WAGNER
Immunstimulation mit pflanzlichen Arzneimilleln
Scheweiz. Apoth. Ztg., 126, 624-629, 1988.
[ 622 ] (a) G.R. HEUBL, R.BAUER and H. WAGNER
Morphologische und anatomische Studien an Echinacea purpu-
criminal, And angustifolia, And pallida und Parthenium integrifolium
Sci Pharm., 56, 145-160, 1988; to also see R. BAUER and H.
WAGNER, Neue Ergebnisse zur Analytik von Echinacea-Wur-
zeln, ibíd, 55, 159-161, 1987.
(b) R. BAUER and P. REMIGER
TLC and HPLC analysis of alkamides in Echinacea drugs
It plants Med., 55, 367-371, 1989.
[ 623 ] (a) K. JURCIC, D. MELCHART, M. HOLZMANN, P. SEA
TIN, R. BAUER, To DOENECKE and H. WAGNER
Zwei Probandenstudien zur Stimulierung der Granulozyten-
phagozytose durch Echinacea-Extrakt-haltige Präparate
Z. für Phytother., 10, 67-70, 1989.
(b) And COEUGNIET and R. KÜHNAST
Rezidivierende Candidiasis, Adjuvante Immuntherapie mit
they verschiedenen Echinacin R-Darreichungsformen
Therapiewoche, 36, 3352-3358, 1986.
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Influenza
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