And senticosus is a thorny scrub (2-3 m) of slapped leaves long pecioladas. The pentámeras flowers are grouped in umbelas simple, spherical, only or associated 2 or 3, maintained by pedúnculo inserted in the base of the leaf. The fruit is a black berry with 5 bones.
Origin
He is very abundant in the east of Siberia, also is in Korea, China (Shanxi and Hubei) and Japan. It proliferates in the leafy forests of cedars and, in the average mountain and the level ones. The roots of the wild plants are collected at the end of the spring or in autumn.
Chemical composition
Although to the isolated components of the drug it has been denominated to them, mainly, "eleuterósidos" (0,6-0,9%), is heterósidos whose geninas belong to 62 very different fitoquímicos groups [ ]:
• Fitosteroles: eleuterósido A (identical to daucosterol); acids fenoles: eleuterósido B (= glucósido of the sinápico alcohol).
• Lignanos: eleuterósidos D and E (glucósidos of siringarresinol).
• Cumarinas: eleuterósido B1 (= isofraxósido).
• Triterpenos: ramno-arabinósidos of oleanólico acid free (eleuterósidos I, K) or esterificado by trisacárido (eleuterósidos L, M).
These compounds are very different from the ginsenósidos ones... Other many compounds in the roots of eleuterococo have been identified: fenilpropánicos cumarinas, lignanos, derivatives (acid free cafeico and esterificado, coniferílico alcohol), ß-sitosterol [ 63 ], polisacáridos, (2.5 to 3.7 %) [ 64, 72 ], simple sugars, vitamins, carotenes, pectina, waxes, lipids, 65 etc. [ ].
In 1986 the eleuteranos, polisacáridos heterogenous of included/understood molecular weight between 3 xs 103 were purified and 7 xs 104 and identified their 66 constituent bears [ ]. The leaves contain numerous saponósidos triterpénicos: civujianósidos [ 76 ].
Farmacológicos data
The drug is hardly classifiable according to the norms of the western medicine: thus, according to the Russian authors, one is a "adaptógeno". They respond to that term the drugs that are inoffensive and they do not develop "a specific" action, but that increases the resistance of the organism and standardizes the pathological situations. Therefore, he is delicate to come to farmacológicos or biological tests, teniéndo in account in addition that really does not know the supposedly active principles.
Nevertheless in tests made in experimentation animals eleuterococo is stimulating of the S.N.C. (antihipnótico, rabbit), reinforces the fatigue strenght (time of swimming in the rat, ascent by a cord in the mouse...), improves the reaction to stress (mouse put under thermal variations, immobilized rats, chemical damages in the caterpillars), exerts an effect protective radio (mouse) and antiinflammatory... [ 62 ].
Other authors, after a long term test (3 months) made in the mouse, did not find the effects "antistress" attributed to this drug [ 67 ] or they did not observe in rat 68 the biochemical modifications waited for [ ]. The eleuteranos exert hipoglucemiantes effects in normal mouse or when one is caused to him hiperglucemia with 69 aloxano [ ]. The tests in vitro show to inmunoestimulantes properties due to a polisacarídica fraction [ 72 ].
Observations in the Man
This drug, well-known without a doubt by chamanes Siberian and used by the Chinese medicine, has been object of numerous studies in the man whose results "remain debatable, because ] is dificilmente verifiable" [ 29: what can be concluded of the "observations" done in the course of rally of automobiles, in the runners in whom the "tone" is appraised or in the athletes of high level or better still in the cosmonauts. Of the bibliographical clinical data an improvement of the physical results can be emphasized, specially between the 67 sportsmen [ ], [ 73 ], after a strong muscular exercise [ 75 ] as well as in people who make works of force.
Use
The drug can be considered lacking of toxicity to the doses recommended in therapeutic: as much the watery extract (3 g/kg, mouse, to per you) as the infusion (25 ml/kg) is pronounced non-toxic. The DL50 of the extract to 33 % in ethanol is of 23 ml/kg (toxicity due to the ethanol) [ 62 ], [ 70 ], [ 71 ]. The drug is used at the moment in form of criomolido dust, nebulizado, hidroalcohólicos extracts and infusions. In the healthy man, this "armonizador" [ 67 ] is recommended in diverse circumstances: like prophylaxis of the influenza, it fights against the physical and intellectual fatigue, stress, upheavals of the senescencia... This last 74 indication very debatable and is discussed [ ].
In Spain, one authorizes the use of this plant in case of convalecencia, stress, fatigue, asthenia, sport preparation of examinations and tests.
The drug
The roots of eleuterococo appear fragmented and curved, often winding, rarely graft. The external surface is yellow grayish, the cut is clean and shows a zone to medular finely radiated, yellow pale, surrounded by a thin cortical zone, of brown color. The characterization of the main components of the drug is made by C.C.F. of a etéreo extract (little polar geninas and products) and of a metanólico extract redisuelto in butanol (heterósidos) [ 63 ]. This technique allows to differentiate the origin from the samples. The liquid Chromatography of hi-res in phase reversa also allows to value certain eleuterósidos [ 63 ].
Bibliography
[ 62 ] N. R. FARNSWORTH, To D. KINGHORN, D.D. SOEJARTO and D. P. WALLER.
Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus): current status ace an adaptogen. In: Medicinal Economic and plant research, H. WAGNER, H. HIKINO ET N.R. FARNSWORTH, éds., London, Academic Press, vol 1 p. 155-215, 1985.
[ 63 ] H. WAGNER, And H. HEUR, To OBERMEIER, G. TITTEL and S. BLADT.
Die DC-und HPLC - Analyse der Eleutherococcus Droge.
It plants Med., 44, 193- 198, 1982.
[ 64 ] R.S. XU, S.C. FENG and Z.Y. FAN.
Studies on the polysaccharides of Acanthopanax senticosus.
It plants Med., 39, 278-279, 1980.
[ 65 ] A.I. BARANOV.
Medical you use of Ginseng and related plants in the Soviet Union; recent trends in the soviet literature.
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 6, 339-353, 1982.
[ 66 ] H. HIKINO, M. TAKAHASHI, K. OTAKE and C. KONNO.
Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of eleutherans To, B, C, D, and, F, and G: glycans of Eleutherococcus senticosus Roots.
J. Nat. Prod., 49, 293-297, 1986.
[ 67 ] J. FULDER.
The drug that builds Russians.
New Scientist, 576-580, 1980.
[ 68 ] W.H. LEWIS, V.E. ZENGER and R.G. LYNCH.
Mice does not adaptogen response of to ginseng and Eleutherococcus infusions.
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 8, 209-214, 1983.
[ 69 ] B. MARTINEZy E.J. STABA.
Physiological The effects of Aralia, Panax and Eleutherococcus on exercised Rats.
Japan J. Pharmacol. 35, 79-85, 1984.
[ 29 ] R. ANTON.
Quelques nouvelles acquisitions dans him domaine medical scientifique ET.
Act. Pharm., (245), 69-73, 1987.
[ 70 ] J. L. ROUAUD and D. MARZIN.
Etude préliminaire of toxicité of l'infusé of Eleuthérocoque de Sibérie.
I.F.R.E.B., (709), 110, 1977.
[ 71 ] P. J. MEDON.
Hypoglycemic effect and toxicity of Eleutherococcus senticosus following acute and chronic administration in Mice.
Act pharmacol. Without, 2, 281-285, 1981.
[ 619 ] M. STIMPEL, To PROKSCH, H. WAGNER and mililiter Loh-
Mann-mathes
Macrofage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by
purifed polysaccharide fractions from the plant purpurea Echinacea
Infect Immun., 46, 845-849, 1984.
[ 73 ] H. STEPHAN, And JOUSSELIN, R. QUESTEL and To LECOMTE.
Expérimentation of l'Eleuthérocoque au cours d'un cycle d'entraînement à dominant aérobie
Cinésiologie, (23), 97-103, 1984.
[ 74 ] P. DELAVEAU. Eleuthérocoque.
Act. Pharm., (210), 49-50, 1984.
[ 75 ] K. ASANO, T. TAKAHASHI, M. MIYASHITA, To MATSUZAKA, S. MURAMATSU, M. KUBOYAMA, H. KUGO and J. IMAI.
Effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus extract on human physical working capacity.
It plants Med., 52, 175-177, 1986.
[ 76 ] C-j SHAO, R.KASAI, J-d XU and O.TANAKA.
Saponins from leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms., Ciwujia: structures of ciwujianosides B, C1, C2, C3, C4, D1, D2, and E.
Chem. Pharm. Bull., 36, 601-608, 1988.
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Fatigue - Asthenia
Muscular cramps
Influenza
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