TAIL (NUT OF) (COLA NITIDA (VENT.) SCHOTT & ENDL.)

	T
	TAIL (NUT OF)
	*COLA NITIDA (VENT.) SCHOTT & ENDL.*

Name
TAIL (NUT OF)

Scientific Name
COLA NITIDA (VENT.) SCHOTT & ENDL.

TAIL (NUT OF)

Nut of Tail; al.: Kolanub; ingl.: Kola nut.

Seed

Nitida tail is the cultivated species more. One is a tree of flowers deprived of corola and grouped in small clusters in the armpits of the leaves or the foliáceas scars. The fruit includes/understands 5 follicles of heavy wall, contains 4-8 flat, heavy and fleshy seeds with cotiledones.

Origin

The sort Tail of which several species are used (ej.: C. acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schott. and Endl., verticillata C. (Thonn.) Ex- Stapf To Chev.) it is concentrated in the tropical and equatorial zones of the West of Africa: Mountain range Lioness-Nigeria, the Ivory Coast, Gabon.

Chemical composition

In addition to substances without interest (mineral salts, amino acids, cellulose, starch...) [ 35 ], the seeds contains polifenoles and púricas bases. Polifenoles. They are flavan-3-oles (5 to 10 %): (+)-catecol, (-)-epicatecol and proantocianidoles of group B.

Púricas bases

Caffein is one 2,6-dioxo purina (1,3,7- trimetil xanthin) structurally very similar to the adenina and guanina. She is widely majority (approximately 1% of the fresh nut, up to 2.5 % of the dry nut), and goes accompanied of a small amount (0.2 %) of teobromina (3,7-dimetil xanthin). It has been demonstrated that caffein forms an association, without a doubt by connections by hydrogen bridges, with 36.37 the catéquicos derivatives [ ] and that the proportions of free and combined caffein vary according to the nature of the drug: fresh, dry, stabilized. These associations are frequent for this molecule, this it is the case of the complex of the caffein and the clorogenato of present potassium in the seed of green coffee and whose structure has been able to need by means of 38 crystallography [ ].

Farmacológicos data

Caffein is a stimulant of the S.N.C., increases the attention, the intellectual rapidity, the association of ideas. To high doses bulbares stimulates the respiratory centers, vasomotor and vague. On the other hand, this pseudoalkaloid (for some authors) is vasodilator (coronary coverall, by predominant direct influence) and weakly hypertensile, increases the heart rate (to high doses the direct action predominates on the central effect) and the respiratory frequency, has a relajante effect on the smooth musculatura, it reduces the tubular reabsorción and it increases to the basal metabolism and the lipolisis.

It is necessary to indicate that for some of these actions tolerance in the habitual consumer is developed very quickly and that ] exists 39.40.43 noticeable individual differences [. The activity on the catecolaminérgicos systems has been related to the increase of the consecutive cyclical A.M.P. in the competitive inhibition of fosfodiesterasa. On the other hand, caffein increases the concentration calcic of the neuronal completions and it does not discard that there is a direct interaction between the caffein and the receiver of the 40.43 adenosina [ ]. Most of the carried out experiments with the tail nut ] badly uses 41 preparations defined [.

A study, made in parallel with caffein and seeds of tail, sample that the observed effects of the behavior with the tail are more gradual than the obtained ones with caffein and that in addition the tail seed has a specific effect on 42 the muscular tone [ ].

Observations in the Man

Numerous works have been published on the activity of caffein in the man, and on drugs with caffein, such as the coffee (that it does not contain more than caffein which falsea the obtained results and sometimes explains the stated divergences) [ to see among other Maillard, 1985 ].

The bibliographical data on the consequences of the frequent drink use with caffein are very numerous and, most of the times, contradictory: rare time they have been obtained from carried out methodical observations according to the habitual protocol of clinical tests. Nevertheless, the published works stay unanimous with respect to the paper of caffein in the prolongation of the watch state and in the insomnia. Also they indicate that it affects not only the duration of the dream, but that, when increasing the paradoxical dream, also influences in the quality of this one. In fact, disturbances of the E.E.G can be indicated. [ 43 ].

Use

The fresh tail, plays an important role in the African societies, as much by its use to support efforts prolonged like by the source of economic wealth that represents. In Europe, the drug is considered like tonic, stimulating physicist and intellectual. The seed of pulverized tail and the extracts have been used in convalescent, case of fatigue prolonged and between the sportsmen increasing their yield. Used to moderate doses, it constitutes little stimulating injurious and of action prolonged. A great amount of the tail production is destined to nonalcoholic the refrescantes drink manufacture (Colá Cocaine and others). In Spain the use of this plant in cases of functional asthenia is authorized, fatigue and weakness.

Precautions

As all the xanthic bases, inhibit the dream, reason why it is recommended that people who suffer insomnia, they do not take this one in second half from the day. By its positive effect inotropo and its direct action on the metabolism cardiac is due to have precaution in hypertense patients.

The drug

The seed of tail without the tegumento, is hard, smooth, brown dark mahogany, almost odorless. The embryo of two nitida Tail presents/displays cotiledones separated or connected whereas in other species have juxtaposed an important folding that it causes that they seem to have of 4-6 cotiledones. The preponderant element of the pulverized drug is the starch, that is in ovoid grain form with concentric striae and starred thread.

Numerous methods exist to value caffein in the drug: gravimetric, espectrofotométricos (it is the method considered by the French Farmacopea, previous extraction of caffein by means of tetracloruro of in the middle alkaline carbon and successive takings of the remainder with metanol and water), or chromatographic (mainly by liquid chromatography of hi-res 44.45 [ ]). This technique allows, on the other hand, to as much value of simultaneous form xanthins as polifenoles in 46 the galénicas preparations [ ].

Bibliography

[ 35 ] J. KERHARO and J.G. ADAM.

Pharmacopée sénégalaise traditionnelle, Paris, Vigot frères, 1974.

[ 36 ] C.MAILLARD, To BABADJAMIAN, G. BALANSARD, B. OLLIVIER and D. BAMBA.

Study of caffein-catechin association in lyophilized fresh seeds and in stabilized extract of nitida Tail.

Plant Med., 51, 515-517, 1985.

[ 37 ] C. MAILLARD.

Contribution à l'étude of graine of nitida Tail (Vent.) To Chevalier .

Thèse de Doctorat d'Etat DES Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Aix-Marseille II, 1985.

[ 38 ] R. MARTIN, T.H. LILLEY, C.P. FALSHAW, And HASLAM, M.J. BEGLEY and D. MAGNOLATO.

The molecular caffeine-potassium chlorogenate complex.

Phytochemistry, 26, 273-279, 1987.

[ 39 ] the pharmacology, the farmacocinética and the uses of the cafeina is described widely in all classic works of pharmacology.

We can mention, for example:

T.W. RALL. The xanthines. In: Pharmacological The basis of therapeutics, 6ª edition, To Goodman-gilman, L. S. GOODMAN ET To GILMAN, éds., New York, MacMillan Pub, 1980, to also see: Y.D. LAPIERRE ET P.D. HRDINA.

Nooanaleptiques. In: Pharmacologie clinique, bases of thérapeutique, 2ª éd., J.P. GIROUD, G. MATHÉ ET G. MEYNIEL, éds., Paris, Scientifique Expansion française, 1988.

[ 40 ] P.B. DEWS.

Caffeine: perspectives from recent research, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984.

[ 41 ] F.I. IKEGWUONU, T. To AIRE and S.O. OGWUEGBU.

Effects of kola-nut extract administration on the to liver, kidney, brain, testis and some serum constituents of the Rat..

J. Applied Toxicol., 1, 292-294, 1981.

[ 42 ] G. SCOTTO, C. MAILLARD, J. Vion-dury, G. BALANSARD and G. JADOT.

Behavioral effects resulting from sub-chronic treatment of rats with extract of fresh stabilized tail seeds.

Pharmacol. Biochem. and Behavior, 26, 841-845, 1987; to also see G. BALANSARD ET C. MAILLARD, graine of tail, Phytotherapy, (23), 5-10, 1987.

[ 43 ] K. BÄTTIG.

Phisiological The effects of coffe consumption. In: Coffee: botany, biochemistry and production of beans and beverage. M.N. CLIFFORD ET K.C. WILSON, éds., Westport, AVI Publishing Company, p.394-439, 1985.

[ 44 ] F. Baltassat-millet, S. FERRY and J.DORCHE.

Dosage of cafeine dans végétales them drogues. Comparaison between méthode of the Pharmacopée française ET unites méthode even chromatographie eliminates haute performance.

Ann. Pharm. Fr., 38, 127-134, 1980.

[ 45 ] F. BELLIARDO, To MARTINELLI and M. G. VALL.E

HPLC determinations of caffeine and theophyline in cupana Paullinia Kunth (guarana) and Tail spp. samples

Z. Lebensm.-Unters. Forsch., 180, 398-401, 1985.

[ 46 ] C. MAILLARD, B. OLLIVIER, G. BALANSARD and M. OF I PISS.

Dosage of caféine, théobromine, catéchine ET d'epicatéchine even chromatographie eliminates à haute performance dans extrait of graines fraîches stabilisées of Tail.

Ann. Pharm. Fr., 44, 495-500, 1986.

Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted

Fatigue - Asthenia

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