CHRYSANTHELLUM (CHRYSANTHELLUM INDICUM)

	C
	CHRYSANTHELLUM
	*CHRYSANTHELLUM INDICUM*

Name
CHRYSANTHELLUM

Scientific Name
CHRYSANTHELLUM INDICUM

CHRYSANTHELLUM

Whole plant

Annual herbaceous plant of fine stems, alternating leaves bi- or tripennatisectas, flowers whose color can go from the yellow to the orange yellow, grouped in small long pedunculados chapters, that bloom at the end of 513 the rainy station [ ].

Origin

Original with mountains of Peru and Bolivia, this species abounds specially in savannahs and the high African plateaus. He is heliófila and it on the brink of madness grows the land ways without cultivating, near inhabited places.

Chemical composition

Until today, two main groups of components in C. Indicum have described themselves: saponósidos flavonoides and. Also the clorogénico acid presence is characteristic of this species.

• Flavonoides: Next to one flavona common (luteolina glucosilada in 7), this drug is characterized by the simultaneous presence of biogenetically very similar metabolitos: flavanonas (glucósidos in 7 of eriodictiol - majority and isoocanina), chalconas (4´-glucosil ocanina = mareína) and 2-benciliden cumaranonas (or auronas): maritimetina 6-glucosil [ 514 ]. These substances are habitual in the Coreopsidíneas [ 515 ].

• Saponósidos: Both heterósidos isolated - crisantelinas To and b have a triterpénica genina derived from an acid 3ß, 16&alpha-dihidroxi adminiser extreme unction to-12-in-28-oico: equinocístico acid [ 516 ] and 517 caulofilogenina [ 23-hidroxi ] [ ]. In both cases, hidroxilo in 3 forms a hemiacetálico connection with a 28 glucose and carboxilo esterifica by the same one tetrasacárido ß-xilosilado (crisantelina To, majority) or a-xilosilado (crisantelina less abundant B, 10 times).

Farmacológicos data

The animal studies have allowed to demonstrate to a double tropismo of the Chrysanthellum americanum: at hepático level, it stimulates his function and it protects to him of the aggressions; at vascular level it exerts a vitaminic action P, that is to say, that reinforces the resistance of the capillaries, diminution of its permeability and increase of the venous tone.

The farmacológicas activities of the Chrysanthellum americanum are deduced of their composition:

• the flavonoides are hepatoprotectores and favor the 518 microcirculation [ ].

• the saponósidos ones are venotropos and have tensioactivas properties, potencializan the activity of the flavonoides when facilitating the passage through 520 the cellular membrane [ ].

The pharmacology studies animal have demonstrated:

• Activity on the liver: Evident, smooth and prolonged colerética action. Hepatoprotectora action forehead to the poisoning with tetracloruro of carbon [ 518 ]. Important action front to the poisoning with etílico alcohol: not taking place necrosis of parénquima hepático. Protective action with respect to the poisonous effects of the adrenalin, 4 times superior to the one of vitamin C.

• vascular Activity: By intravenous route, it is observed a slight hypotension with bradicardia and peripheral vasodilatación, comparable to the action of the acetil-hill.

A antifibrilante activity is also observed.

• antiinflammatory Activity: It is verified causing edema by carragenina in the rat leg. Its activity is low by oral route, but by intraperitoneal route he is superior to the one of other antiinflammatory ones.

With respect to edema caused by bradiquinina and serotonin, the effect exists but it is less clear.

In the studies of toxicity made in the Beagle dog, with dose of up to 250 mg/kg/día during 1 month and 225 mg/kg/día during 182 days, was not observed any poisonous effect. The ponderal evolution of the animals was normal. In the autopsy any organic anomaly was not observed.

Observations in the Man

The clinical studies as well as simple made observations have been able to demonstrate to the different indications admitted from this drug on digestive, antilitiásica, hipolipidemiante sintomatología, affections vasculares (arteriopatías of the inferior members and ophtalmology) and antiinflammatory.

Under the term of digestive sintomatología the hepáticas insufficiencies are grouped, the biliary upheavals and the intestinal upheavals. The improvement of the digestive sintomatología is observed almost in the totality of the cases. In the cases in which a polisintomatología was observed, the improvement must in a 75% to the hepato-biliary set and 40% of the cases talk about the intestinal function that goes accompanied of improvement to hepatobiliar. In all the patients who present/display isolated hepáticos upheavals, improvement is observed.

As far as the antilitiásica activity P. Couderc [ 524 ] declares that it has compiled 2000 observations of renal litiasis, a hundred of biliary litiasis and some cases of litiasis of salivar. The author affirms that, in the renales litiasis, the treatment made disappear the micro-calculations almost always; generally stabilized the greater concretions are often seen diminished of volume and. In the biliary litiasis, the calculations calcified inferior to 3 mm of diameter do not disappear and heaviest they diminish of volume or they become stabilized. As far as the calculations salivares, is eliminated or completely destroyed [ 522 ].

The results of the hipolipidemiante action are pronounced in the following sense: greater activity is observed on pathological levels that on physiological levels and the triglicéridos ones diminish more intensely than the cholesterol.

Its action on arteriopatías of inferior members studied placebo as opposed to, obtaining statistically significant results.

As far as their antiinflammatory activity, studies only exist animals and some observations in the man that aim at confirmation.

Use

The drug is introduced at the moment in Europe. In case of biliary secretion insufficiency, later periods to hepatitis, precirróticos states and lipoprotéicos dismetabolismos, its use in infusion or pulverized drug capsules is recommended. The Chrysanthellum can constitute a helping treatment of the prophylactic regimes of the renal litiasis. Its treatment prolonged in the treatment of the symptoms due to a venous insufficiency could be from interest. The D.L.50 of the dry extract is of 1 g/kg (i.p., rat, mouse) and of 0.7 g/kg (i.v., mouse). Chronic toxicity in dog (225 has not been observed mg/kg/día x 6 months) nor mutagénico character. An only 4 dose of extract g to per does not cause you any case of mortality [ 518 ]. 521 the smaller intolerancias are [ ]. During the made tests to per you in rat, the criomolturado one does not produce acute toxicity some (600 mg/kg) nor subacute (300 and 500 mg/kg/día) [ 523 ].

In Spain, the use of this plant like colerético is authorized. In symptomatic treatment of functional upheavals of the cutaneous hair fragility, such as petequias. Smaller circulatory upheavals, like helping in hiperlipidemias. Subjective manifestations of the venous insufficiency like tired legs and hemorroidal sintomatología.

The drug

Until the recent revision of the sort by Turner, this species was confused with a next species that is specific of the New World: C. americanum (L.) Vatke = C. procumbens Rich. ex- Pers. The species americanum has whole leaves lobuladas differently, as well as numerous involucrales brácteas, and closely winged aquenios. Generally, the drug appears in crude fragments that show to fragments of stems and leaves, chapters of 8-10 mm of diameter, with one or two brácteas lineares with tubuladas leaves and semiflósculos yellows with lígula tridentated, aquenios of 2-5 x 1-2 mm ovoid more or less tablets and provided with a cartilaginous wing or a suberoso edge. The test of the drug includes/understands the analysis of the flavonoídico content by means of chromatography in fine layer.

Bibliography

[ 513 ] B.L. TURNER

New species and combinations in Chrysanthellum (Asteraceae - Coreopsidae)

Phytologia, 51, 291-293, 1982.

[ 514 ] D. Honore-thorez

Description, identification ET usages thérapeutiques of Chrysanthellum "americanum": C. indicum DC. subsp. afroamericanum B.L. Turner

J. Pharm. Belg., 40, 323-331, 1985.

[ 515 ] B.A. BOHM

Minor The flavonoids. In: The flavonoids: advances in research, J.B. HARBORNE and T.J. MABRY, eds., Chapman and Hall, London, Chapman ET Hall, p. 313-416, 1982; idem, in: The flavonoids: advances in research, since 1980, J.B. HARBORNE, ed., LonB.A. BOHM

Minor The flavonoids. In: T.

[ 516 ] M. BECCHI, M. BRUNETEAU, H. PONTAGNIER and G. MICHEL

Confirmation of structure of chaîne oligosaccharidique of chrysanthelline To pair RMN 13C

It plants Med., 42, 265-267, 1981.

[ 517 ] M. BECCHI, M. BRUNETEAU, M. TROUILLOUD, H. COMBIER, H. PONTANIER and G. MICHEL

Structure of chrysanthelline B, nouvelle saponine isolée of Chrysanthellum procumbens Rich.

Eur. J. Biochem., 108, 271-277, 1980.

[ 518 ] H. LIEVRE and B. GUILLOT

Him Chrysanthellum americanum

Revue du jeune médecin, (06), 61-70, 1983.

[ 519 ] T. BRASSEUR, L. ANGENOT, J. PINCEMAIL and C. DEBY

Action antiradicalaire of flavonoïdes ET extraits of Chrysanthellum indicum

Plant Méd. Phytother., 21, 131-137, 1987.

[ 520 ] S.B. MAHATO, S.K. SARKAR and G. PODDAR

Triterpenoid saponins

Phytochemistry, 27, 3037-3067, 1988.

[ 521 ] H. LIEVRE, B. GUILLOT and E. REYMOND

Chrysanthellum. Hépatotrope, normolipémiant ET vasculotrope - confirmations ET acquisitions

Journal du Jeune Praticien, 171, 1-8, 1984.

[ 522 ] M. DUBERNARD

Etude of l'effet du Chrysanthellum South americanum lithiase rénale

Phytotherapy, (24), 19-20, 1988.

[ 499 ] H. WAGNER

Antihepatotoxic flavonoids. In: Plant flavonoids in biology and medicine: biochemical, pharmacological and structure-activity relationships, V. CODY, And MIDDLETON and J.B. HARBORNE, éds., New York, Alan R. Liss, p. 545-558, 1986.

[ 523 ] Chrysanthellum, toxicológico dossier of Laboratories ARKOPHARMA.

[ 524 ] P. COUDERC

Chrysantellum americanum

Phytotherapy, 1984, 10,5-9.

Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted

Biliary Litiasis

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