Chestnut tree of Indians; al.: Robkastanien (they samen); ingl.: Horse chesnut tree.
Crust and seeds
The leaves of this great tree compound-are slapped, with 5-7 foliolos. The flowers, zigomorfas, with white petals and pink spots, ovary with 3 carpelos and 5-8 estambres, are grouped in complex inflorescencias. The fruit is a heavy and thorny capsule, generally monosperma.
Origin
The Aesculus species hippocastanum grows of spontaneous form in the north of Greece and the Balkan Mountains. Its presence is very frequent in parks and avenues. The same it happens with the obtained hortícolas hybrids by means of the crossing with other American species of red flowers.
Chemical composition
Cotiledones of the seed contains flavónicos starch, lipids and 216 derivatives [ ], but the studied components more are the saponósidos ones. The same it happens with proantocianidoles of the seminal tegumento. As far as the crust, the main components are heterósidos cumarínicos, of which most important he is the esculósido one, glucósido of esculetol, that is powerful vitaminic factor P.
Saponósidos
Of triterpénica nature - they are derived from swell-12(13)eno -, 10% of the gross weight of the drug represent. Its set is known with the escina name. Their structures are complex and derive from two polihidroxiladas geninas: the protoescigenina (hidroximetilada in 4) and barringtogenol-C (metilado in 4). In both cases, the secondary hidróxilos in 21 and 22 are esterificados by alifáticos acids (acetic, and and oico Z metil-2buten-2). Hidroxilo in 3 comprises of a semiacetálico connection with hidroxilo in 1 of trisacárido a constituent glucurónico acid of nonlinear [ 217 ]. Next to the escina, cytotoxic derivatives, 218 esters of barrigenol-R1 and barringtogenol-C are had isolated [ ].
Proantocianidoles
)-epicatecol is oligómeros of 3-R (-: dímeros united by a connection (B2 - B5), by two I connect (A2, A5), simple trímeros (C1), esculitaninos To-g. All have in common a linking of type "A" (4ß? 8´, 2ß? Or? 7´) [ 219.220 and ref mentioned ].
The crust of the tree is rich in cumarinas (2-3%), mainly in esculósido, accompanying by fraxósido and flavonoides.
Farmacológicos data
The pharmacology of vitaminic factors P widely has been studied. Their main activities are an increase of the vascular resistance, a diminution of the hair permeability and an antiinflammatory action.
The escina, reabsorbe badly at level of tracto gastro-intestinal, is antiinflammatory as they demonstrate the numerous experiments to it made in the rat leg to which edema by different irritating agents is caused, on edema generalized with ovoalbúmina (i.p.) and on edema cerebral caused with 221.222 tin derivatives [ ]. The escina acts in initial phase of inflammation. These experiments demonstrate that the escina is against to the formation of edema (antiexudativa action): it is possible that it standardizes the permeability of the vascular wall that is increased by the inflammation [ 223 ], also has considered a possible suprarrenal action dependent. The results are better if the administration is made for a reason or purpose prophylactic.
The escina (5-10 mg/ml) increases the tone venous (vein rabbit porthole, human safena). Its action stays out by the indometacina. This activity could be bound to an increase of the synthesis of the Fà prostaglandin [ 224 ]. Injected in the rat by via i.p., it increases the plasmática concentration in ACTH and corticosterona, without a doubt due to 225 a hipofisiaria stimulation [ ]. On the other hand, one has demonstrated that this saponósido increases the resistance hair and has important diuréticas properties.
The esculósido one diminishes the permeability of the capillaries and increases its resistance.
Observations in the Man
The prepared ones of chestnut tree of Indians and escina are used for a long time in therapeutic, having itself made numerous studies and observations with this 221.222 molecule [ ]. These works confirm their antiexudativa and antiedematosa action in several fields: traumatología, hematomas and edemas cerebral, venous flebitis, varices and other pathologies. A test to double blind person has demonstrated that the daily administration to per you of the extract of chestnut tree of Indians reduces the activity of enzymes responsible for the degradation of the proteoglicanos, assuring to the cohesion the walls vasculares: in subjects with varices nontreated, these enzymes - of origin lisosomial- ] increases of considerable form [ 226.
Use
The chestnut tree of Indians is used of important form like of galénicas preparations (extracts, criomolturados, gels), single or in association, the treatment of the subjective manifestations of the venous insufficiency and the functional upheavals of the hair fragility, as well as in the treatment of the hemorroidal sintomatología. The escina is advised by oral route (40-60 mg/día) in the treatment of the venolinfática insufficiency and in the one of the hemorroidal crisis. By via strictly intravenous, the escinato of sodium is advised (10 mg/día) like antiedematoso in proctología, flebología (flebitis, chronic ulcers), in surgery and traumatología. The toxicity of the saponósido one is not despicable, but the therapeutic margin is important and the good tolerance. Its administration by via i.v. is contraindicated in case of pregnancy or renal insufficiency.
In Spain the use of this plant for the treatment of manifestations of venous insufficiency is authorized and in the hemorroidal sintomatología. Treatment of the cutaneous hair fragility, like petequias (cardinals) etc. Antihemorrágico. Varicose Varices, reabsorción of edemas, tromboflebitis, ulcers. Nocturnal cramps. Preventive in accidents vasculares.
Precautions
Contraindicated in the renal insufficiency. The crust of the chestnut tree of Indians does not present/display any indirect effect. The seed, by its content in escina can produce serious poisonings. In this last case its use under strict clinical control is recommended.
The drug
The seeds of the chestnut tree of Indians, contained in a globulose, thorny and dehiscente capsule, are more or less globulose or ovoid and are provided with a tegumento shining of brown color. The stalk of a peduncle forms a wide off-white spot. Both cotiledones, fleshy, oily and amylaceous, well is welded. The flavor is disagreeable. The flavonoides and the saponósidos ones can study by means of C.C.F. of the dye, being able to use different methods from valuation: colorimétrica after extraction [ 228 ], densitométrica in the gross extract [ 229 ].
Bibliography
[ 216 ] r.-r. PARIS ET H. MOYSE.
Précis de Matière Médicale, Masson, 2, 2ª éd., p. 310-313, Paris, 1981.
[ 217 ] S. SHIBATA
Biological Saponins with and pharmacological activity. In: Pharmacological, biological natural New products and plant drugs with or therapeutical activity, H. WAGNER ET P. WOLFF, éds., Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 177-196, 1977.
[ 218 ] T. KONOSHIMA and k.-h LEE
Antitumor agents, 82. Cytotoxic sapogenols from Aesculus hippocastanum
J. Nat. Prod., 49, 650-656, 1986
[ 219 ] S. MORIMOTO, G.-i. NONAKA and I. NISHIOKA
Tannins and related compounds. LIX. Aesculitannins, novel proanthocyanidins with doubly-bonded structures from Aesculus hippocastanum L.
Chem. Pharm. Bull., 35, 4717-4729, 1987.
[ 220 ] R.W. HEMINGWAY, L.Y. FOO and L.J. PORTER
Linkage isomerism in trimeric and polymeric 2,3-cis-procyanidins
J. Chem. Soc. Perkin I, 1209-1216, 1982.
[ 221 ] To BONATI
Them dérivés du to marronnier d'Inde dans him traitement DES maladies vasculaires
Plant Méd. Phytothér., 11, 174-180, 1977
[ 222 ] h.-j. JACKER
Zur Pharmakologie der Roßkastanie
Zbl. Pharm., 116, 959-968, 1977.
[ 223 ] J. TOTTE and A.J. VLIETINCK
Produits phytothérapeutiques ET système cardiovasculaire
J. Pharm. Belg., 41, 330-361, 1983.
[ 224 ] D. LONGIAVE, C. OMINI, S. NICOSIA and F. BERTI
The mode of action of aescin on isolated veins: relationship with PGF à
Pharmacol. Head of cattle. Commun., 10, 145-152, 1978.
[ 225 ] S. HIAI, H.YOKOYAMA and H.OURA
Effect of escin on adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone levels in Rat shapes
Chem. Pharm. Bull., 29, 490-494, 1981; to also see: YOKOHAMA ET to. Yakugata Zasshi, 102, 555-559, 1982
[ 226 ] H.W. KREYSEL, H.P. NISSEN and E. ENGHOFER
To lysosomal possible role of enzymes in the pathogenesis of varicosis and the reduction in their serum activity by Venostatin®
VASA, 12, 377-382, 1983.
[ 227 ] P. PAUSCHINGER, H. BISLER, R. PFEIFER, N. KLÜKEN and ZWERGER
Die Klinische Wirksamkeit eines ödelprotektiven Aescin-haltigen. Venen-Therapeutikums
Z. für Phytother., 9, 1-6, 1988.
[ 228 ] M. WICHTL, "Roßkastaniensamen", in: DAB to 9-Kommentar, Deutsches Arzneibuch, K.HARTKE ET And MUTSCHLER, éds., Stuttgart, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellshaft mbH, 3, p. 3008-3013, 1986.
[ 229 ] M. VANHAELEN ET R. Vanhaelen-fastré
Quantitative determination of biologically activates constituents in medicinal plant crude extracts by to thin-layer chromatograpphy densitometry
J. Chromatogr., (281), 263-271, 1983.
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Venous Iinsuficiencia
Varices
Hemorroides
Premenstrual syndrome
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