Peumus boldus is a dioico, perennial shrub, of opposed leaves, whole and elliptical. The flowers are grouped in tops. The masculine ones have perianto less yellow pale but or indiferenciado; the feminine ones, have unilovulados, ovoid carpelos. The fruit is one drupa blackish.
Origin
The area of distribution of the species very is restricted: original of the zone of Chile, that benefits from a Mediterranean climate, it grows mainly in dry and sunny hills of the provinces of Valparaiso, Santiago and Concepcio'n. One is acclimated in Morocco.
Chemical composition
The drug contains mainly, essential oil, flavonoides and alkaloids.
• essential Oil, (from 1 to 3% of the dry leaf [ 485 ]) is rich in monoterpénicos hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenos: ascaridol, cineol, linalol, terpineol, camphor... [ 486 ].
• Flavonoides. Heterósidos of glucose, ramnosa and arabinosa and of flavonoles: ramnetol, isoramnetol, Kenferol. The heterosídicos connections that form do it between the hidroxilos of positions 3 and of 487 the 7 geninas [ ].
• Alkaloids. Equally present in the 488.489 crusts [ ], all of them is isoquinoléicos alkaloids. The majority component is a aporfina, the boldina. This tetracíclico alkaloid goes accompanied by other aporfinas and noraporfinas: isocoridina, norisocoridina, N-oxiisocoridina, isoboldina, laurolitsina, laurotetanina and its 490 N-metilado derivative [ ]. The reticulina, precursor of these tetracíclicas molecules, also is in the drug. The content in total alkaloids varies from 0.25 to 0,50%. The boldina approximately represents a third of the total alkaloids.
Farmacológicos data
By means of experimentation animal it is verified, to high doses, the colerética action traditionally attributed boldo [ 8 ]. The increase of the biliary, evident secretion but of short duration, does not seem to have solely to the alkaloids, as it demonstrates an experiment to it made with different administered anestesiada rat preparations: this increase would have sinergia of the different 492 active principles from boldo [ ].
The total alkaloids cause, in dog, an increase of the gastric secretion very noticeable and accompanied by sialorrea the highest doses. These compounds are equally inhibiting of the intestinal tone [ 493 ]. In rabbit, hiperglucemiantes and inhibiting effects of the intestinal peristaltismo are observed. Low doses depress the miocárdica activity of the rat [ 494 ].
The pure boldina, tried by parenteral route in rat, increases the biliary secretion of 43 (5mg/kg) to 140 % (40 mg/kg) [ 494 ]. In dog and by oral route, the boldina increases to the biliary secretion and the urinary volume. Inhibitor of the intestinal peristaltismo (50 mg/kg, to per you, mouse), this alkaloid such has effects on the myocardium that the total alkaloids, is hypotensile and slightly sedative of the S.N.C. (100 mg/kg, to per you, mouse).
Observations in the Man
Although it has been used widely, this drug and their preparations have been object of few experimental works in the man.
Use
In coberry, the D.L.50 of boldina hydrochlorate is of the order of 25 to 35 mg/kg by i.v., ten times more elevated to per you. In mouse the D.L.50, to per you, of this alkaloid is of 250 mg/kg; the one of the flowed extract of 6 g/kg; the one of 492 400 total alkaloids of mg/kg [ ]. Therefore, to habitual the therapeutic doses of the preparations of boldo and boldina there is no toxic manifestation (infusion to 1%, 497 pulverized drug capsules [ ], compressed of boldina of 1 mg...). The boldina (extracted preferredly of the crust of the tree) is used in the symptomatic treatment of dispepsias of origin to hepatobiliar and in the constipation.
In Spain, one authorizes the use of this stimulating plant like of the biliary secretion in the litiasis and hepática insufficiency.
Precautions
By its own mechanism of action it can produce biliary obstruction. Not to use in prolonged treatments nor during the pregnancy.
The drug. The leaf, short peciolada, has elliptical, hard and fragile, rough a limb oval in the margins slightly folded and the obtuse apex. The superior face is covered by numerous prominencias that give a granular aspect him whereas the inferior face is smooth. Examined the microscope, the cut of the leaf shows one epidermis superior with cutícula thickens, with protuberances covered with unicellular, simple tectores hairs, in handfuls. Mesófilo contains great number of great glands with essence. The test includes/understands an analysis in C.C.F. of the total alkaloids and valuations of ashes, essential oil (> 2.5% V/m), total alkaloids (> 0.2% expressed in boldina and determined by acidimetría by in the middle etanólico backward movement). The boldina can be valued by espectrofotometría, H.P.L.C. or C.G (gas chromatography) [ 495.496 ].
Bibliography
[ 484 ] J. JEREMIE
Monimiacées. In: To AUBREVILLE and J-f. LEROY, Flore of the Nouvelle Calédonie ET dépendances, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1982.
[ 485 ] M.A. MOUNTS GUYOT, T. WILKOMIRSKY and L. VALENZUELA
Essential oil of leaves of boldo (Peumus boldus Mol. yield and seasonal variation
Real An. Acad. Farm., 46, 325-334, 1980.
[ 486 ] K. BRUNS and M. KOHLER
Uber die Zusammensetzung DES Boldoblätteröls
Parfüm und Kosmet., 55, 225-227, 1974.
[ 487 ] And BOMBARDELLI, E.M. MARTINELLI and G. MUSTICH
To new flavonol glycoside from Peumus boldus
Fitoterapia, 47, 3-5, 1976.
[ 488 ] To URZÚA and R. TORRES
ã, 7-dehydroboldine from the bark of Peumus boldus
J. Nat. Prod., 47, 525-526, 1984.
[ 489 ] To URZÚA yt P. ROCKS
Alkaloids from the bark of Peumus boldus
Fitoterapia, 54, 175-177, 1983.
[ 490 ] A.Y. LEUNG
Natural Encyclopedia of common ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, New York, Wiley, 1980.
[ 491 ] K.GENEST and D.W. HUGHES
Natural products in canadian pharmaceuticals. II Peumus boldus
Dog, J. Pharm., Sci., 3, 84-90, 1968.
[ 492 ] M.-c. Levy-appert-collin and J. LEVY
The south quelques préparations galéniques of feuilles of boldo (Peumus boldus, Monimiacées)
J. Pharm., Belg., 32, 13-22, 1977.
[ 493 ] P. DELAVEAU Boldo
Act. Pharm., (250), 25-26, 1988.
[ 494 ] Studies of Laboratories HOUDE (Paris), mentioned by C. MONS,
Contribution à l'étude du Boldo - Peumus boldus Monimiacées - essais botaniques ET chimiques, étude DES Pharmacopées - emplois. Thesis of Doctorate in Pharmacy, (Diplôme d'Etat) Reims, (1987)E
[ 495 ] C. GOES HULLE, P. BRAECKMAN and R. GOES SEVEREN
Influence of the preparation technique on the boldine content of boldo extract
J. Pharm. Belg., 38, 97-100, 1983.
[ 496 ] P. PIETTA, P. MAURI, And WAY and P. CEVA
Determination of isoquinoline alkaloids from Peumus boldus by high performance liquid chromatography
J. Chromatogr., (457), 442-445, 1988.
[ 497 ] Boldo, toxicológico dossier of Laboratories ARKOPHARMA
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Constipation
Disquinesias biliary
Hepática insufficiency
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