Bilberry; al.: Blaubeer, to bickbeer; ingl.: Blueberry.
Fruit, Leaf
The bilberry is a subshrub of coriáceas leaves and you expire. The geminadas flowers in bell form, tapeworms or in the armpit of the leaves have perennial sépalos and estambres with apendiculadas anthers. The fruit, bluish berry, are squashed in the superior part and seem to be covered of dust when it arrives at the maturity.
Origin
The bilberry, common in all acid silíceas territories of the North hemisphere, abounds specially in the mountainous regions where it colonizes ample extensions, leaving little place to other species.
Chemical composition
The berry of the bilberry is rich in water (85 %), bears (3 to 7 %), minerals (K, Ca, Mn) and acids (1%, citric coverall). Several 470 acids have been characterized fenoles [ ] like several 471 quinolizidínicos alkaloids [ ]. The active compounds are heterósidos of catiónica genina: antocianósidos.
Antocianósidos. They represent approximately 0.5% of the fresh weight and the liquid chromatography of hi-res (HPLC) in 472 13 antocianósidos different ones phase reversa has allowed to caraterizar [ ]. The sugars are glucose, galactosa and arabinosa. Five geninas have been identified: delfinidol, cianidol, malvidol, peonidol and petunidol. The presence of proantocianidoles is also observed dímeros, of (+)-catecol, (-)-epicatecol and glucósidos of flavonoles (hiperósido, quercitrósido) [ 470 ].
The leaf poor in is antocianósidos. It contains flavonoides, heterósidos of quercetol (rutósido, avicularina (= 3-Or-to-(l)-arabinosil quercetol)) and from 5 to 10 % of condensed, oligómeros tannins and polymeric 473 flavanólicos [ ]. Like many Ericáceas, it contains triterpénicos acids. The arbutósido presence of, recognized formerly, seems inconstante [ 474 ]. The acids and the acids fenoles are identical to those of the berries.
Farmacológicos data
They have been possible to demonstrate, experimentally, several farmacológicas properties attributed the antocianósidos ones.
Action on the microcirculation. The antocianósidos ones increase the resistance and diminish the hair permeability as it demonstrates the test to it of cupping glass in rat and the one of blue Trypan in rat and 475 rabbit [ ]. The angioprotectora activity could be related, among others, with an inhibition of elastasa [ 359 ]. On the other hand, a potencialización of catecholamines by inhibition of the O-metil catecholamine is observed transferasa [ 476 ]. In rat, they stimulate the physiological plaquetaria antiagregante activity to per [ 477 ] and reduce edema to you by carragenina, as much by via i.v. as to per you [ 475 ]. In vitro, one has demonstrated that they protect the colágeno against the proteolytic activity (nonenzymatic) induced by ions 479 superoxides [ ].
Action on the vision. The antocianósidos ones facilitate the regeneration of the rodopsina (rabbit) and improve the adaptation to the dark, fact confirmed by electrorretinograma.
Also it has been demonstrated in rat, a protective action of the gastric mucosa forehead to diverse chemical or physical ulcerogénicos agents (stress) [ 478 ].
The leaves contain a set of substances (not identified) able to diminish glucemia in rabbits to which one is caused hiperglucemia by overload or 480 aloxano [ ].
Observations in the Man
Clinical studies with views have been carried out numerous to value the consequences of the administration of specialties enriched in antocianósidos [ 483 ]. The effects on the capillaries are moderate by means of angiosterómetro by depression, or evaluation (biochemical) of the loss of water of the capillaries after a compression of weaves. Also good results (approx 2/3 of the observations) in case of varices have been reached, of upheavals vasculares related to a cirrótico or diabetic state, of equimosis, hemorrhages of the mucous, edemas...
In the man, the action has studied on the mesópica and escotópica vision by means of subjective methods (investigation of the minimums of detectable luminosity) and also by 481 electrorreninografía [ ].
Use
The antocianósidos ones comprise of the composition of propose alopáticas specialties, to per you, for the treatment of the symptoms due to the cutaneous hair fragility (retinal capilarosis of diverse etiologías, upheavals vasculares, etc.) or to the venous insufficiency as well as in ophtalmology. The antocianósidos ones of the bilberry are non-toxic by the habitual route of administration: D.L.50 to per is to you indeterminateable in mouse or rat; D.L.50 by via i.p. is of 4.11 g/kg in mouse and by via i.v. g/kg in rat is of 0.24. Chronic toxicity has not been observed. Traditionally, the bilberry leaves have been used in the treatment of light diarreas and (like the antocianósidos ones) in the treatment of functional manifestations of the upheavals of the microcirculation. Used to the natural one, they are atóxicas what would not be the case of the 482 extracts [ ]. The dried berries, also antidiarréicas, calm the pains the spasmodic colitis and they are used in Fitoterapia for this aim.
In Spain the use of this plant for the treatment of varices is authorized, hemorroides, hair fragility, arteriopatías, edemas by venous insufficiency, hemeralopia, pigmentaria retinitis, myopia and diarreas.
Precautions
The ingestion of recommended doses very superior to and the prolonged treatments, can produce poisonings by hydroquinone.
The drug
The berries of Vaccinium myrtillus are globulose. The superior part is squashed and crowned by the rest of the style and the chalice that form a circular crease. The interior of the fruit is constituted by parénquima substantial and violáceo that contains numerous oval seeds. The cross section of the fruit shows one tangentially epidermis of extended cells, mesocarpio formed by parénquima to lagunar with crystals of calcic oxalato and punteadas esclerosas cells. The different polifenólicos components from the drug can be studied by habitual the chromatographic techniques.
Bibliography
[ 470 ] R. BRENNEISEN and E. STEINEGGER
Aur analytik to der Polyphenole der Früchte von Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae)
Pharm. Helv. Act, 56, 180-185, 1981. Idem, ibidem, p. 341-343.
[ 471 ] P. SLOSSE and C. HOOTELE
Myrtine and epimyrtine, quinolizidine alkaloids from Vaccinium myrtillus
Tetrahedron, 37, 4287-4292, 1981.
[ 472 ] And VERETTE
Fractionnement DES composés polyphénoliques of myrtille (Vaccinium myrtillus). Etude of leur activité antiradicalaire, détermination DES anthocyanes monomères
Doctoral thesis of third cycle, Montpellier I (Pharmacy), 1984.
[ 473 ] P. DELAVEAU Myrtille,
Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericacées)
Act. Pharm., (169), 33-34, 1980.
[ 474 ] D. FROHNE
Heidelbeerblätter. In: Teedrogen (Ein Handbuch für die Praxis auf to wissenschaftlicher Grundlage), M. WICHTL, éd., Stuttgart, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 2. Auflage, p. 217-219, 1989.
[ 475 ] To LIETTI, CRISTONI ET M. PICCI
Studies on Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides: 1, Vasoprotective and antiinflammatory activity.
Arzneim.-Forsch., 26, 829-832, 1976.
[ 359 ] M. JONADET, M.T. MEUNIER, J. and P. BASTIDE
Anthocyanosides extraits of vinifera Vitis, Vaccinium myrtillus ET of Pinus maritimus. Inhibitrices I. Activités vis-à-vis of l´élastase in vitro. II. Comparées Activités angioprotectrices in alive.
J. Pharm. BM. JONADET, M.T. MEUNI
[ 476 ] V. BETTINI, To FIORI, R. MARTINO, F. MAYELLARO and P. TON
Study on the mechanism whereby anthocyanosides potentiate the effect of catecholamines on coronary vessels.
Fitoterapia, 56, 67-72, 1985.
[ 477 ] P. MORAZZONI and M.J. MAGISTRETTI
Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on prostacyclin-like activity in arterial Rat tissue
Fitoterapia, 57, 11-14, 1986. On the antiagregante activity, to also see: F. ZARAGOZA, I. IGLESIAS and J. BENEDI, EstudioP. MORAZZONI and M.J. MAGISTRETTI
Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on prostacyclin-like activity in arterial Rat tiss
[ 478 ] M.J. MAGISTRETTI, M. CONTI and To CRISTONI
Antiulcer activity of an anthocyanidin from Vaccinium myrtillus
Arzneim.-Forsch., 38, 686-690, 1988.
[ 479 ] J.C. MONBOISSE, P. BRAQUET, To RANDOUX and J.P. BOREL
Acid-soluble Non enzymatic degradation of calf skin collagen by superoxyde ion: protective effect of flavonoids.
Biochem. Pharmacol., 32, 53-58, 1983.
[ 480 ] M. GATO and J.M. NARROW STREET
Preliminary study of the hipoglucemiante selectivity of the Vaccinium myrtillus L.
Works Compostelanos de Biolo'gica, 9, 5-14, 1982 (mentioned by J.B: GAULT in its Doctoral Thesis memory in Pharmacy, Strasbourg, 1985; nº85/502 du M. GATO and
[ 481 ] G.E. JAYLE and L. AUBERT
Action DES glucosides South d'anthocyanes vision normal scotopique ET mésopique du sujet
Thérapie, 19, 171-185, 1964
[ 482 ] R. THESEN
Phytotherapeutika - nicht to immer harmlos. Arzneimittelinformationen to der ABDA
Z. für Phytother., 9, 105-110, 1988; to also see: D. FROHNE, ibidem, p.111.
[ 483 ] M. GUILLERMOZ
Myrtille (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Bibliographique is intérêt thérapeutique - Etude. Doctoral thesis in Pharmacy, (Diplôme d'Etat), Nantes, 1984.
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Diarreas
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