The birch, whose crust of silverplated white color is cracked with time, has flowers estaminadas with bifid, unisexuales estamíneos filaments with an ovary to bilocular, in monoica disposition, forming long hanging amentos. The fruit is aquenio surrounded by two membranosas wings.
Origin
This sort - of taxonomy very discussed he is characteristic of the tempered zone of the North hemisphere. White B., species common in sandy ground the sunny forests of northern and southern Europe, also is in the subArctic and tempered Asian zone.
Chemical composition
Enough good is known the composition the leaf: vitamin C, carotenes, acids fenoles, glucósido of 3,4´-dihidroxi propiofenona, roseósido and, mainly, flavonoides and derivatives of the terpénico metabolism: monoterpenos, triterpenos, poliprenoles.
• Flavonoides. The hiperósido one (galactósido in 3 of quercetol) is the majority compound (2-3%) of the total flavonoides that are concentrated, mainly, in epidermis superior [ 380 ]. It is accompanied by other heterósidos by flavonoles: rutósido, quercitrósido and other ramnósidos, arabinósidos and galactósidos of quercetol, kenferol and of miricetol, as well as of 381.383 plans of heterósidos of flavonas [ ].
• Glucósidos monoterpénicos: betulalbósidos, deriving from hidroxilinaloles [ 384 ].
• Triterpenos. Tetracíclicos compounds derived from the damarano, have a insaturada or cyclical lateral chain and are polihidroxilados: betulafoliendiol, - triol, - tetrol. Also the presence of derivatives of the lupano has been shown: betulinol, betulínico acid....
Farmacológicos data
The leaves have one recognized diurética property, but the farmacológicos data are, generally, very old. Investigators German have demonstrated that the pulverized drug, and to a lesser extent, total the flavonoídica fraction, cause - in the dog an increase of the 385 diuresis [ ]. In 1988, Schilcher and Rau demonstrated clearly to the paper of this drug in the renal elimination of water and 391 electrolytes [ ].
The birch sap (it contains sugars mainly), administered to per you to the rat, is weakly diurética and prevents the formation with 387 urinary calculations [ ].
Observations in the Man
According to Decaux [ 386 ], Winternitz verified the diuréticas properties of the birch leaves (1897) during the treatment of edemas of cardiorrenal origin. Other observations of the same type were made by Decaux. Leclerc aims that the drug would be useful in the treatment of the rheumatic and gotosas affections.
On the cellulitis its action would cause a "destruction of the fibro-conjuntivos nodules".
Use
The French legislation it recognizes the birch leaf the following therapeutic indication: "traditionally authorized to facilitate the renales and digestive functions of elimination". A bibliographical revision emphasizes the indications due to its diurética activity [ 392 ]. Tests of acute and subacute toxicity by oral route have not shown ningun animal poisonous effect (2.6 g/kg, 300 and 900 mg/kg/día, criomolido dust of the drug, rat, to per you) [ 393 ].
Also other parts of the birch are used:
• the yolks. Its flavonoídica composition defers little from the one of the leaves. It contains a rich essential oil in hydrocarbons and 388 sesquiterpénicos alcohol [ ]. It is used like diurético and in rheumatic affections.
• the crust. This part of the tree is very rich in lupánicos triterpenos (betulinol, lupeol, lupandiol and - triol, betulínico acid...) and in suberina that is a polymer whose constituent monomers are acid?-hidroxilados of 389 C16-c24 [ ]. In addition, it contains tannins, betulósido, alantoína and, like the leaf, is used like diurético. He is in addition hypotensile and healing.
The drug
The leaves are collected preferredly at the end of the spring. The limb (3-7 x 2-4 cm) forms a cleared rhombus (young leaf) or a triangle very cleared in the base (old leaf). The leaves, glabras, pointed, long pecioladas, with the edges finely gears, present/display in the inferior face a network very marked of anastomosados nerves. The pulverized drug contains crystals of oxalato of calcium, polygonal epidérmicas cells and glands with a brown content in shield form. In order to identify the main flavonoides, the French Farmacopea advises the analysis of a etanólico extract by means of C.C.F. (chromatography in fine layer). In addition, a C.L.A.R can be made (liquid chromatography of hi-res) [ 390 ].
Bibliography
[ 379 ] S.M. The WALTERS, Betulaceae. In: Flora Europaea, T.G. TUTIN, V.H. HEYWOOD, N.A. BURGES, D.M. MOORE, D.H. VALENTINE, S.M. the WALTERS and D.A. WEBB, eds., Cambridge, University Press, vol. 1, p. 58, 1964.
[ 380 ] M. TISSUT and P. RAVANEL
Repartition DES flavonols dans l´épaisseur DES feuilles of quelques végétaux vasculaires.
Phytochemistry, 19, 2077-2081, 1980.
[ 381 ] L. PAWLOWSKA
Flavonoids in the leaves of Polish species of the genus Betula L. 1 Flavonoids of B. pendula Roth dark and B. Kot. leaves.
Act Soc. Bot. Pol., 49, 281-296, 1980.
[ 382 ] K. Dallenbach-tÖlke, S. NYIREDY, G.A. GROSS and Or STICHER
Flavonoid glycosides from Betula pubescens and Betula pendula
J. Nat. Prod., 49, 1155-1156, 1986.
[ 383 ] K. Dallenbach-tÖlke, S. NYIREDY, B. MEIER and Or STICHERHPLC - Analyse der Flavonoidglykoside aus Betulae folium
It plants Med., 53, 189-192, 1987.
[ 384 ] To MULKENS
Them hétérosides monoterpéniques non iridoïdes
Pharm. Helv. Act,62, 229-235, 1987.
[ 385 ] B. VON BORKOWSKI
Diuretische Wirkung to einiger Flavondrogen
It plants Med., 8, 95-104, 1960.
[ 386 ] G. GARNIER, L. Bezanger-beauquesne and G. DEBRAUX
Ressources médicinales of the Flore française, Paris, Vigot, 1961
[ 387 ] And RÄcz-kottila, I. FORMANEK and G. RÄCZ
Action végétales diurétique ET of prévention of formation DES calculs urinaires of certaines préparations.
Plant Méd. Phytother., 7, 250-254, 1973.
[ 388 ] R. HILTUNEN, L. VÄISÄNEN, K. FORSÉN and M. VON SCHANTZ
Oil Identification of the main compounds in the bud of birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) by chemical gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and reactions.
Pharm Act. Fenn., 92. 137-143, 1983.
[ 389 ] R. EKMAN
The suberin monomers and triterpenoids from the to outer bark verrucosa of B. Ehrh.
Holzforschung, 37, 205-211, 1983.
[ 390 ] K. Dallenbach-tÖlke, S. NYIREDY and Or STICHER
Birkenblätter-Qualität:Vergleich der Einzel- und Gesamtbestimmungsmethoden der Flavonoidglykosid von Betulae folium.
Dtsch. Apoth.-Ztg., 127, 1167-1171, 1987.
[ 391 ] H. SCHILCHER and H. RAU
Nachweis to der aquaretischen Wirkung von Birkenbätter-und Goldrutenkrautauszügen im Tierversuch
Urologe [ B ], 28, 274-280, 1988.
[ 392 ] f.-c. CZIGAN
Betula pendula - Die Birke
Z. für Phytother., 10, 135-139, 1989.
[ 393 ] BIRCH, toxicológico dossier of Laboratories ARKOPHARMA.
Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted
Premenstrual syndrome
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