GINSENG OF KOREA (PANAX GINSENG C. A. MEYER)

	G
	GINSENG OF KOREA
	*PANAX GINSENG C. A. MEYER*

Name
GINSENG OF KOREA

Scientific Name
PANAX GINSENG C. A. MEYER

GINSENG OF KOREA

Ginseng; al.: Kraftwurzel, Ginsengwurzel; ingl.: Korean or Chinese ginseg ("western ginseng "is the Panax quinquefolium L.).

The root

Vivaz by anthropomorphous voluminous root, ginseng is a small herbaceous plant of palmatilobuladas leaves. The flowers, small, pentámeras, of greenish white color, are grouped in form of umbela. The fruit is a red berry, biseminada monkey and.

Origin

Ginseng spontaneous is very little common in its regions of origin: Korea, the northeast of China and Siberia. Or white (dried roots) or red (cooked roots), ginseng that is commercialized comes from cultivated plants, of 4 to 6 years, coming from Korea, China or Japan.

Chemical composition

Although numerous studies have been dedicated to the saponósidos ones, have been able to identify other many components in the drug [ 77 ]: bears (panaxanos[80 ], starch), vitamins of the group B, essential oil (0,05%), peptides, poliínas [ 78], sesquiterpénicos pirazinas, carbides and 79 alcohol [ ].

The saponósidos ones are triterpenos polihidroxilados tetracíclicos related to the damarano: (the 20 S)-protopanaxadiol (hidroxilos in 3, 12 and 20) and (the 20 S)-protopanaxatriol (hidroxilos in 3, 6, 12 and 20). Neutral ones have been described fourteen ginsenósidos [ 77 ]. Seven are derived from protopanaxadiol replaced in 3-ß by a ß-D-glucopiranosil (1?2)-ß-D-glucopiranósido. Difieren among them by the nature from I gave or trisacárido fixed to hidroxilo tertiary in 20: ginsenósidos Ra1, Ra2, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc and Rd.

Other six heterósidos are derived from protopanaxatriol: although all have a osídico remainder fixed to 6, some have his hidroxilo in 20 frees (ginsenósidos RF, Rg2 and Rh1), the others are glucosilados in 20 (ginsenósidos Re, Rg1 and 20 gluco-RF). Last heterósido the neutral one is a derivative of the oleanano (ginsenósido R0). Ginsenósidos the main compounds are the Rb1, Rb2 and Rg1). In ginseng white in addition they have been described malonil-ginsenósidos [ 81 ].

Farmacológicos data

In the Far East, the drug enjoys of a millenarian reputation: "real grass", attributes the virtue to increase the vitality to him and has provoked numerous experimental works (several 77 hundreds) [ ].

Action antistress

The used tests to put on approval this activity are varied: resistance to the cold, the heat, chemical poisonings, etc... Also a possible increase of the resistance is investigated in the fatigue as much with the total drug as with ginsenósidos [ 8à ]. Other authors study not the behavior, but the power metabolism [ 82b ]. These effects have been put in fabric of judgment in some works made with mice [ to see "Eleuterococo" ref 68 ].

Also the biochemical effects of ginseng and their components have studied: stimulation of the protéica synthesis, 77 hipoglucemiante activity [ and ref mentioned ], hipolipemiante and 83 hipocolesterolemiante [ and ref mentioned ], 84 hepatoprotectora [ ], prevention of ateromas, 85 plaquetaria and fibrinolítica antiagregante activity [ ]. Other works have demonstrated 86 to endocrinos effects [ ], effects on the S.N.C. and on 86.87 neurotransmitters [ ], also has described 88 to inmunoestimulante activity [ ], and involution of NGF (Nerve Growth Factor)... .

Observations in the Man

Next to the numerous "observations" made in different circumstances to try to justify, among others, general the anabolizantes effects, the improvement of the reflections or the acceleration of the nervous answer attributed to this "panacea" (increase of the yield of radio operators, improves of the answers to a psicomotores series of tests), have been made some clinical tests: as the study of the effect on glucemia in healthy volunteers, diabetic or hiperlipidémicas people.

The result confirms that glucemia low by means of the oral taking of 4 to 6 grams daily by pulverized root [ 77 ]. Another test, carried out to blind person as opposed to placebo, séricas sample that the ginsenósido Rg1 increases the weight corporal, 77 proteins and hemoglobinemia [ ].

Use

Habitually, it is considered that the drug lacks toxicity: the ginsenósidos DL50 of the main ones, determined in rat, as well as the observations registered in the man, confirm the absence of acute toxicity. Although in dog and rat any toxic manifestation has not been observed after the prolonged administration of 89 a standardized extract [ ], seems that, nevertheless, in the long term in the man, some case was observed in which they appeared indirect effect similar to observed in case of overdose of 90 corticoids [ ]. Its use is advised, to recommended doses, in case of fatigue, asthenia and convalecencia. Also it has application in cosmetología.

In Spain the use of this plant for the asthenia is authorized, tires in general, stress, physical and intellectual exhaustion.

Precautions

By its possible effects on the arterial tension it is not recommended in hypertense patients, with upheavals cardiac, insomnia.

He is not advisable to take maximum permissible doses (but of 1g/día) for more than a month. Not to take before going to sleep. They do not have either to be administered if treatments are being followed hormonal, antipsicóticos or stimulating of the SNC.

The drug

Ginseng of Korea does not have to be confused with other Eastern or American, spontaneous or cultivated species: P. quinquefolium L. (ginseng American), P. notoginseng Burk. (saint-chi), P. pseudoginseng Wall. (- to subsp. japonicus Hara: chikusetsu, - b subsp. himalaicus Hara: ginseng of the Himalayas, - major c var.: they zhuzishen). The root, fusiform or cylindrical, more or less graft, sometimes been nauseated and even recurvada, yellow clear and is wrinkled longitudinally. Its fracture, cuts, is yellow and, examined the ultraviolet light, it shows fluorescent to a cortical zone and a marrow.

Parénquima cortical and líber presents/displays concentric layers of secretory channels. Although the French Farmacopea indicates an analysis by C.C.F. and a valuation of the saponósidos ones by colorimetría, has been developed to some protocols by liquid chromatography of hi-res that allow 77.91 to a faster and more precise qualitative and quantitative evaluation [ ]. The presence must consider of malonil-ginsenósidos.

Bibliography

[ 77 ] S. SHIBATA, Or TANAKA, J. SHOJI and H. SAITO.

Chemistry and pharmacology of Panax. In: economic and medicinal plant research, H. WAGNER, H. HIKINO and N.R. FARNSWORTH, éds., London, Academic Press, vol. 1, p. 218-284, 1985.

[ 78 ] S.C. SHIM, S-k. CHANG, C.H. HUR and C.K. KIM.

To polyacetylenic compound from Panax ginseng Roots.

Phytochemistry, 26, 2849-2850, 1987.

[ 79 ] H. IWABUCHI, M. YOSHIKURA and W. KAMISAKO.

Studies on the sesquiterpenoids of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. II. Isolation and structure determination of ginsenol, to novel sesquiterpene alcohol.Chem. Pharm. Bull., 36, 2447-2451, 1988; ibid., 35, 1975-1981, 1987.

[ 80 ] C. KONNO, K. SUGIYAMA, M. KANO, M. TAKAHASHI and H. HIKINO.

Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of panaxans To, B, C, D, and E, glycanans of Panax ginseng Roots.

It plants Med., 50, 434-436, 1984; to also see, to near the properties of the panaxanos: And SUZUKI and H. HIKINO, - Phytotherapy Research, 3, 15-19, 20-24, 1989.

[ 81 ] I. KITAGAWA, T. TANIYAMA, T. HAYASHI and M. YOSHIKASWA.

Malonyl-ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd, four new malonylated dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides from Ginseng radix.

Chem. Pharm. Bull., 31, 3353-3356, 1983

[ 82 ] (a) T. KITA, T. HATA, And KAWASHIMA, T. KAKU and E. ITOH.

Pharmacological actions of Ginseng saponin in stress.

J. Pharm. Dyn., 4, 381-393, 1981.

(b) E.V. AVAKIAN, B.B. SUGIMOTO, S. TAGUCHI and S.M. HORVATH.

Effect of Panax ginseng extract on Energy metabolism during exercice in rats.

It plants Med., 50, 151-154, 1984.

[ 83 ] T. YOKOZAWA, T. KOBAYASHI, To KAWAI, H. OURA and And KAWASHIMA.

Hyperlipemia-improving effects of ginsenoside-Rb2 in cholesterol-fed rats.

Chem. Pharm. Bull., 33, 722-729, 1985.

[ 84 ] H. HIKINO, And KISO, J. KINOUCHI, S. HEALED and J. SHOJI.

Antihepatotoxic actions of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng Roots - Med. Plant, 53, 62-64, 1985.

[ 85 ] H. MATSUDA, K. NAMBA, S. FUKUDA, T. TANI and M. KURO.

Pharmacological study on Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer. IV. Effects of experimental network ginseng on disseminated intravascular coagulation. (3) Effect of ginsenoside-Ro on the blood coagulative and fibrinolytic system.

Chem. Pharm. Bull., 34, 2100-2104, 1986.

[ 86 ] S. SHIBATA. Chemical Pharmacology and study of dammarane type triterpenoids. In: Medicinal Advances in phytochemistry, D. BARTON and W.D. OLLIS, éds., London, John Libbey, p. 159-172, 1986.

[ 87 ] D. TSANG, K.W. HO, T.K. TSE, P.C. TSANG and H.L. WEN.

Ginsenoside modulates K+ - stimulated noradrenaline release from cerebral cortex slices.

It plants Med., 52, 266-268, 1986.

[ 88 ] W.K. SINGH, S.S. AGARWAL and B.M. GUPTA.

Inmunomodulatory activity of Panax ginseng extract

It plants Med., 50, 462-465, 1984.

[ 89 ] F.G. HESS, R.A. PARENT, K.R. STEVENS, G.E. COX and P.J. BECCI.

Effects of subchronic feeding of ginseng extract G115 in Beagle dogs.

Fd. Chem. Toxicol., 21, 95-97, 1983.

[ 90 ] R.H. SIEGEL.

Ginseng abuses syndrome problems with the panacea

Jama, 241, 1614-1615, 1979.

[ 91 ] P. PIETTA and P. MAURI.

For Improved high-performance liquid chromatographic method the analysis of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng extracts.

J. Chromatogr., 356, 212-219, 1986.

to also see: (a) - H. YAMAGUCHI and al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 26, 4177-7181, 1988 (and ref mentioned); (b) - D. GUÉDON and al., Ann. Pharm. Fr., 47, 169-177, 1989.

Diseases in whose treatment this plant is adapted

Fatigue - Asthenia

Thinness

Diabetes noninsulino employee

Cystitis

Influenza

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